Géo- et cosmochimie
Gaz rares – azote – spectrométrie de masse – Lune – météorites – missions spatiales
CRPG UMR 7358 CNRS-UL
15 rue Notre Dame des Pauvres
54500 Vandœuvre les Nancy – Franc
Mon activité de recherche porte principalement sur le traçage de l’origine des éléments légers (H, C, N) et la chronologie de leur accrétion sur Terre et sur d’autres corps du système solaire interne, ainsi que sur leur comportement, leur distribution et leur inventaire dans les réservoirs profonds. Pour cela, j’ai réalisé des développements analytiques en spectrométrie de masse des gaz rares et en microsonde ionique pour analyser l’azote piégé dans des météorites et des échantillons ramenés sur Terre par les missions spatiales, ainsi que dans des roches volcaniques terrestres et des échantillons synthétiques. La mesure des compositions isotopiques des gaz nobles dans des météorites et des roches lunaires me permet également de quantifier les modifications isotopiques induites par le vent solaire et les rayons cosmiques. Des études expérimentales me fournissent des informations complémentaires sur l’effet de différents paramètres physico-chimiques sur la solubilité et le fractionnement isotopique de l’azote pendant la différenciation planétaire. Mes travaux décrivent la complexité des processus qui gouvernent les teneurs et les signatures isotopiques des éléments légers dans les roches naturelles.
- Depuis 2024 : Directrice de recherche (DR2) CNRS, CRPG
- 2022 : Habilitation à diriger les recherches
- 2014 – 2024 : Chargée de recherche CNRS, CRPG
- 2012 – 2014 : Postdoc (CNRS), CRPG
- 2010 – 2012 : Postdoc (CNES), CRPG
- 2004 – 2010 : PhD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (UCSD) “New insights into the origin, transport and behavior of noble gases : Examples from Monterey Bay, Costa Rica, Iceland, and the Central Indian Ridge”
- 2004 : MSc ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich
- 2024 : EAG Science Innovation Award, Samuel Epstein medal
- 2017 : CNRS bronze medal
ERC IRONIS – Light elements in irons and metal-rich meteorites: Their isotopic distribution and evolution in the protoplanetary disk (ERC-2022-COG, 2023-2028)
https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101087562
Knowledge of the light element (H, C, N) characteristics of planetary building blocks is key to our understanding of the development of habitable conditions on Earth. Since ‘magmatic’ iron meteorites originate from the metallic cores of the earliest, differentiated planetesimals, they may preserve a record of H, C, and N isotopic variations in the inner and outer solar system during the first stages of planetary accretion. Based on novel multi-light-element isotopic analyses of irons and other Fe-Ni alloy-rich meteorites and experimental simulations, project IRONIS aims to answer the fundamental questions of (i) how the distributions of H, C, and N (and their carrier phases) evolved in space and time within the earliest stages of the protoplanetary disk, and (ii) how H, C, and N were distributed between metals and silicates during planetesimal accretion, differentiation, and subsequent evolution. A major objective is to develop novel secondary ion mass spectrometry protocols for analyzing H, C, and N in situ in Fe-Ni alloy, and to combine these with ‘bulk’ N-noble gas analyses by static noble gas mass spectrometry. The originality and uniqueness of project IRONIS thus lies in the coupling of two state-of the-art analytical techniques, which allow the quantification of any solar gas and cosmogenic nuclide contributions. Only once the effects of these secondary components are understood, can spatiotemporal isotopic variations in the protoplanetary disk be investigated. In parallel, new cross-calibrated N analyses of experimental run products will provide constraints on the degree of N isotopic fractionation during alloy-silicate partitioning, and will permit us to assess if the N isotopic compositions of irons represent a primary feature of their parent bodies. Ultimately, by investigating the remnants of the first planetesimal populations, project IRONIS will provide new fundamental insights into the cosmochemical history and evolution of life-forming light elements.
ERC VOLATILIS – Origin of volatile elements in the inner Solar System (ERC-2016-STG, 2017-2022)
https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/715028
The objective of project VOLATILIS is to investigate the origin(s) of volatile elements on Earth and other planetary bodies in the inner Solar System. Since primitive and differentiated asteroids, planetary embryos, and the Earth-Moon system represent different stages of planet formation, studies of chondritic meteorites and samples from Vesta, Mars, the Moon, and Earth can provide constraints on the evolution of planetary volatiles from primordial to present-day compositions. However, indigenous volatiles in extraterrestrial samples are often masked by solar and cosmogenic contributions. Only combined analyses of noble gases and other volatiles (N, H) allow the observed volatile signatures to be resolved into constituent components (atmospheric, solar, cosmogenic, indigenous). The Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (Nancy, France), the PI’s host institute, is the only laboratory that is equipped with static noble gas mass spectrometers for coupled N-noble analyses of small-sized samples, and with two secondary ionization mass spectrometers for non-destructive volatile element measurements. By coupling these high-precision analytical techniques, we will be able to reliably characterize indigenous planetary volatiles, and to assess the importance of volatile storage during primary accretion or late addition via comets and meteorites. Furthermore, we aim to develop the protocols for N isotope analysis by ion microprobe and by static mass spectrometry in multi-collection mode; these methods will allow us to target micron-sized samples (such as melt inclusions) for N analyses and to improve the analytical precision for coupled N-noble gas studies, respectively. The new data obtained here can be integrated as critical parameters into geochemical and astrophysical models of volatile accretion and fluxes in the inner Solar System, and they are expected to be of great interest to the geo-/cosmochemistry, astrophysics, and astrobiology communities.
Encadrement de thèses
- Julie Gamblin (2023-2026): L’azote dans les météorites riches en métal: Distribution et évolution de l’azote dans le disque protoplanétaire (co-direction: Béatrice Luais)
- Marine Joulaud (2021-2024): Caractérisation multi-échelle des régolites de la Lune et de Mercure par imagerie et modélisation numérique (co-direction: Pascal Allemand & Vincent Langlois, co-encadrement: Jessica Flahaut)
- Cécile Deligny (2018-2021): Chronologie et origine des éléments volatils dans le Système Solaire interne : Contraintes grâce à l’analyse in-situ des achondrites (co-direction: Etienne Deloule)
- Julien Boulliung (2017-2020) : Solibilité, diffusion et spéciation de l’azote dans les silicates fondus (co-direction: Yves Marrocchi)
2025
Bouvier, A., K.R. Bermingham, E. Füri (2025). Planetary materials: A record of early Solar System events to planetary processes. In: D. Weis and A. Anbar (eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 3e. vol. 7, pp. 203–256. UK: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99762-1.00137-6
2024
Joulaud, M., J. Flahaut, P. Allemand, E. Füri, C. Wöhler, S. Breton, S. Els, S. AlMaeeni, H. AlMarzooqi, and the ELM Science Collaboration (2024). Investigation of the regolith thickness and boulder density at the four candidate landing sites of the Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid-1 rover. Space Sci. Rev., 220, 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01101-1
Gamblin, J., E. Füri, B. Marty, L. Zimmermann, D.V. Bekaert (2024). Dissecting the complex Ne-Ar-N signature of asteroid Ryugu by step-heating analysis. Geochem. Persp. Let., 31, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2431
Flahaut, J., S.G. Els, M. Joulaud, C. Wöhler, S. Breton, E. Füri, S. AlMaeeni, H. Almarzooqi, and the ELM Science Collaboration (2024). Candidate landing sites for the Emirates Lunar Mission (ELM) Rashid-1 Rover. Space Sci. Rev. 220, 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01086-x
2023
Fukuyama, K., K. Hiroyuki, T. Inoue, S. Kakizawa, T. Shinmei, Y. Sano, C. Deligny, E. Füri (2023). Temperature dependence of nitrogen solubility in bridgmanite and evolution of the nitrogen storage capacity in the lower mantle. Sci. Rep., 13, 3537. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30556-5
Broadley, M.W., D.J. Byrne, E. Füri, L. Zimmermann, B. Marty, R. Okazaki, T. Yada, F. Kitajima, S. Tachibana, K. Yogata, K. Sakamoto, H. Yurimoto, T. Nakamura, T. Noguchi, H. Naraoka, H. Yabuta, S. Watanabe, Y. Tsuda, M. Nishimura, A. Nakato, A. Miyazaki, M. Abe, T. Okada, T. Usui, M. Yoshikawa, T. Saiki, S. Tanaka, F. Terui, S. Nakazawa, and the Hayabusa2 Initial Analysis Volatile Team (2023). The noble gas and nitrogen relationship between Ryugu and carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 345, 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.01.020
Deligny C., E. Füri, E. Deloule, A.H. Peslier, F. Faure, Y. Marrocchi (2023). Origin of nitrogen on Mars: First in situ N isotope analyses of martian meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 344, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.01.017
2022
Okazaki, R., B. Marty, H. Busemann, K. Hashizume, J.D. Gilmour, A. Meshik, T. Yada, F. Kitajima, M.W. Broadley, D. Byrne, E. Füri, and the Hayabusa2-initial-analysis volatile team (2022). Noble gases and nitrogen in samples of asteroid Ryugu record its volatile sources and recent surface evolution. Science, 379, 6634. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo0431
Okazaki, R., Y.N. Miura, Y. Takano, H. Sawada, K. Sakamoto, T. Yada, K. Yamada, S. Kawagucci, Y. Matsui, K. Hashizume, A. Ishida, M.W. Broadley, B. Marty, D. Byrne, E. Füri, and the Hayabusa2-initial-analysis volatile team (2022). First asteroid gas sample delivered by the Hayabusa2 mission: A treasure box from Ryugu. Sci. Adv., 8, eabo7239. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo7239
Broadley, M.W., D.V. Bekaert, L. Piani, E. Füri, B. Marty (2022). Origin of life-forming volatile elements in the inner solar system. Nature, 611, 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05276-x
Dalou, C., C. Le Losq, E. Füri, M.-C. Caumon (2022). Redox controls on H and N speciation and intermolecular isotopic fractionations in aqueous fluids at high pressure and high temperature: Insights from in-situ experiments. Front. Earth Sci., 10:973802. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.973802
Condamine, P., S. Tournier, B. Charlier, E. Médard, A. Triantafyllou, C. Dalou, L. Tissandier, D. Lequin, C. Cartier, E. Füri, P.G. Burnard, S. Demouchy, Y. Marrocchi (2022). Influence of intensive parameters and assemblies on friction evolution during piston-cylinder experiments. Am. Mineral., 107(8), 1575–1581. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-7958
Dalou, C., E. Füri, C. Deligny (2022). Nitrogen isotope fractionation during magma ocean degassing: tracing the composition of early Earth’s atmosphere. Geochem. Persp. Let., 20, 27–31. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2204
2021
Füri E., L. Zimmermann, H. Hiesinger (2021). Noble gas exposure ages of samples from Cone and North Ray craters: Implications for the recent lunar cratering chronology. Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 56, 2047–2061. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13749
Vernazza, P., P. Beck, O. Ruesch, A. Bischoff, L. Bonal, G. Brennecka, R. Brunetto, H. Busemann, J. Carter, C. Carli, C. Cartier, M. Ciarniello, V. Debaille, A. Delsanti, L. D’Hendecourt, E. Füri, O. Groussin, A. Guilbert‑Lepoutre, J. Helbert, P. Hoppe, E. Jehin, L. Jorda, A. King, T. Kleine, P. Lamy, J. Lasue, C. Le Guillou, H. Leroux, I. Leya, T. Magna, Y. Marrocchi, A. Morlok, O. Mousis, E. Palomba, L. Piani, E. Quirico, L. Remusat, M. Roskosz, M. Rubin, S. Russell, M. Schönbächler, N. Thomas, J. Villeneuve, V. Vinogradoff, P. Wurz, B. Zanda (2021). Sample return of primitive matter from the outer Solar System. Experimental Astronomy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-021-09811-y
Deligny, C., E. Füri, E. Deloule (2021). Origin and timing of volatile delivery (N, H) to the angrite parent body: Constraints from in situ analyses of melt inclusions (2021). Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 313, 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.038
Füri E., M. Portnyagin, N. Mironov, N., C. Deligny, A. Gurenko, R. Botcharnikov, F. Holtz. (2021). In situ quantification of the N content of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Klyuchevskoy Volcano (Kamchatka): Implications for nitrogen recycling at subduction zones. Chem. Geol., 582, 120456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120456
Gaillard, F., M.A. Bouhifd, E. Füri, V. Malavergne, Y. Marrocchi, L. Noack, G. Ortenzi, M. Roskosz, S. Vulpius (2021). The diverse planetary ingassing/outgassing paths produced over billions of years of magmatic activity. Space Sci. Rev., 217:22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00802-1
Boulliung, J., C. Dalou, L. Tissandier, E. Füri, Y. Marrocchi (2021). Nitrogen diffusion in silicate melts under reducing conditions. Am. Mineral., 106, 662–666. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7799CCBYNCND
Bouden, N., J. Villeneuve, Y. Marrocchi, E. Deloule, E. Füri, A. Gurenko, L. Piani, E. Thomassot, P. Peres, F. Fernandes (2021). Triple oxygen isotope measurements by multi-collector secondary ion mass spectrometry. Front. Earth Sci., 8:601169. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.601169
Bernadou, F., F. Gaillard, E. Füri, Y. Marrocchi, A. Slodczyk (2021). Nitrogen solubility in basaltic silicate melt – Implications for degassing processes. Chem. Geol., 573, 120192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120192
2020
Bermingham, K.R., E. Füri, K. Lodders, B. Marty (2020). The NC-CC isotope dichotomy: Implications for the chemical and isotopic evolution of the early Solar System. Space Sci. Rev., 216:133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00748-w
Füri E., L. Zimmermann, E. Deloule, R. Trappitsch (2020). Cosmic ray effects on the isotope composition of hydrogen and noble gases in lunar samples: Insights from Apollo 12018. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 550, 116550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116550
Boulliung, J., E. Füri, C. Dalou, L. Tissandier, L. Zimmermann, Y. Marrocchi (2020). Oxygen fugacity and melt composition controls on nitrogen solubility in silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 284, 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.06.020
Curran, N.M., M. Nottingham, L. Alexander, I.A. Crawford, E. Füri, K.H. Joy (2020). A database of noble gases in lunar samples in preparation for mass spectrometry on the Moon. Planet. Space Sci., 182, 104823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104823
Flahaut, J., J. Carpenter, J.-P. Williams, M. Anand, I.A. Crawford, W. van Westrenen, E. Füri, L. Xiao, S. Zhao (2020). Regions of interest (ROI) for future exploration missions to the lunar South Pole. Planet. Space Sci., 180, 104750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104750
2019
Mikhail, S., E. Füri. On the origins of Earth’s carbon (2019). Elements, 15(5), 307–312. https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.5.307
Dalou, C., E. Füri, C. Deligny, L. Piani, M.-C. Caumon, M. Laumonier, J. Boulliung, M. Edén (2019). Redox control on nitrogen isotope fractionation during planetary core formation. PNAS, 116, 14485–14494. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820719116
Le Voyer, M., E.H. Hauri, E. Cottrell, K.A. Kelley, V.J.M. Salters, C.H. Langmuir, D.R. Hilton, P.H. Barry, E. Füri (2019). Carbon fluxes and primary magma CO2 contents along the global mid-ocean ridge system. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007630
Mosenfelder J.D., A. von der Handt, E. Füri, C. Dalou, R.L. Hervig, G.R. Rossman, M.M. Hirschmann (2019). Nitrogen incorporation in silicates and metals: Results from SIMS, EPMA, FTIR, and laser-extraction mass spectrometry. Am. Mineral., 104, 31–46. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6533
Palma, R.L., R.O. Pepin, A.J. Westphal, E. Füri, D.J. Schlutter, Z.S. Gainsforth, D.R. Frank (2019). Helium and neon in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples from the NASA Stardust mission. MAPS, 54, 3–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13189
2018
Füri, E., L. Zimmermann, A.E. Saal (2018). Apollo 15 green glass He-Ne-Ar signatures – In search for indigenous lunar noble gases. Geochem. Persp. Let., 8, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1819
Füri, E., E. Deloule, C. Dalou (2018). Nitrogen abundance and isotope analysis of silicate glasses by secondary ionization mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol., 493, 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.008
Mollex, G., E. Füri, P. Burnard, L. Zimmermann, G. Chazot, E.O. Kazimoto, B. Marty, L. France (2018). Tracing helium isotope compositions from mantle source to fumaroles at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania. Chem. Geol., 480, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.08.015
Zimmermann, L., G. Avice, P.-H. Blard, B. Marty, E. Füri, P. Burnard (2018). A new all-metal induction furnace for noble gas extraction. Chem. Geol., 480, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.09.018
2017
Füri, E., E. Deloule, R. Trappitsch (2017). The production rate of cosmogenic deuterium at the Moon’s surface. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 474, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.042
2016
Caracausi, A., G. Avice, P.G. Burnard, E. Füri, B. Marty (2016). Chondritic Xenon in the Earth’s mantle. Nature, 533, 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17434
Halldórsson, S.A., D.R. Hilton, P.H. Barry, E. Füri, K. Grönvold (2016). Recycling of crustal material by the Iceland mantle plume: new evidence from nitrogen elemental and isotope systematics of subglacial basalts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 176, 206–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.021
2015
Füri, E., P.H. Barry, L. Taylor, B. Marty (2015). Indigenous nitrogen in the Moon: Constraints from coupled nitrogen-noble gas analyses of mare basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 431, 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.022
Zimmermann, L., E. Füri, P. Burnard (2015). Purification des gaz rares sous ultra-vide – Méthodes de purification. Techniques de l’ingénieur, J6635.
Zimmermann, L., E. Füri (2015). Purification des gaz rares sous ultra-vide – Enceinte de purification. Techniques de l’ingénieur, J6634.
Bonal L., R. Brunetto R. P. Beck, E. Dartois, Z. Dionnet, Z. Djouadi, J. Duprat, E. Füri, Y. Kakazu, P. Oudayer, E. Quirico, C. Engrand (2015). Visible-IR and Raman micro-spectroscopic investigation of three Itokawa particles collected by Hayabusa: mineralogy and degree of space weathering based on non-destructive analyses. MAPS, 50(9), 1562–1576. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12496
Füri, E., B. Marty (2015). Nitrogen isotope variations in the solar system. Nature Geosci., 8, 515–522. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2451
Fischer, T.P., C. Ramirez, R.A. Mora Amador, D.R. Hilton, J. D. Barnes, Z.D. Sharp, M. Le Brun, J. M. de Moor, P.H. Barry, E. Füri, A.M. Shaw (2015). Temporal variations in fumarole gas chemistry at Poás volcano, Costa Rica. JVGR, 294, 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.02.002
Füri, E., M. Chaussidon, B. Marty (2015). Evidence for an early nitrogen isotopic evolution in the solar nebula from volatile analyses of a CV3 CAI. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 153, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.01.004
2014
Barry, P.H., D.R. Hilton, E. Füri, S.A. Halldórsson, K. Grönvold (2014). Carbon isotope and abundance systematics of Icelandic geothermal gases, fluids, and subglacial basalts with implications for mantle plume-related CO2 fluxes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 134, 74–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.038
Füri, E., E. Deloule, A. Gurenko, B. Marty (2014). New evidence for chondritic lunar water from combined D/H and noble gas analyses of single Apollo 17 volcanic glasses. Icarus, 229, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.10.029
2013
Füri, E., A. Aléon-Toppani, B. Marty, G. Libourel, L. Zimmermann (2013). Effects of atmospheric entry heating on the noble gas and nitrogen content of micrometeorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 377-378, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.031
2012
Füri, E., B. Marty, S.S. Assonov (2012). Constraints on the flux of meteoritic and cometary water on the Moon from volatile element (N-Ar) analyses of single lunar soil grains, Luna 24 core. Icarus, 218(1), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.037
2011
Füri, E., D.R. Hilton, B.J. Murton, C. Hémond, J. Dyment, and J.M.D. Day (2011). Helium isotope variations between Réunion Island and the Central Indian Ridge (17°–21°S): New evidence for ridge–hot spot interaction. J. Geophys. Res., 116, B02207. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007609
2010
Hilton, D.R., C.J. Ramirez, R.A. Mora-Amador, T.P. Fischer, E. Füri, P.H. Barry, A.M. Shaw (2010). Monitoring of temporal and spatial variations in fumarole helium and carbon dioxide characteristics at Poas and Turrialba volcanoes, Costa Rica (2001-2009). Geochemical Journal, 44(5), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.1.0085
Füri, E., D.R Hilton, S.A. Halldórsson, P.H. Barry, K. Grönvold (2010). Apparent decoupling of the He and Ne isotope systematics of the Icelandic mantle: The role of He depletion, melt mixing, degassing fractionation and air interaction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74(11), 3307–3332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.023
Füri, E., D.R. Hilton, M. Tryon, K.M. Brown, G. McMurtry, W. Brückmann, C.G. Wheat (2010). Carbon release from submarine seeps at the Costa Rica fore-arc: Implications for the volatile cycle at the Central America convergent margin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002810
2009
Füri, E., D.R. Hilton, K.M. Brown, M.D. Tryon (2009). Helium systematics of cold seep fluids at Monterey Bay, California, USA: Temporal variations and mantle contributions. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002557
Fischer, T.P., P. Burnard, B. Marty, D.R. Hilton, E. Füri, F. Palhol, Z.D. Sharp, F. Mangasini (2009). Upper-mantle volatile chemistry at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano and the origin of carbonatites. Nature, 459(7243), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07977