Lydéric France

Ongoing: MUSH-OCEAN project ==> have a look to the dedicated web page

Concepts:

• Dynamics of mushy igneous reservoirs
• architecture of igneous plumbing systems
• kinetics of igneous processes

here an example of a crystallizing magma:

Objects:

• oceanic crust accretion at fast- & slow-spreading ridges (EPR, SWIR, MAR, Oman, Alpine ophiolites…)
• transition from continental rifts to oceanic crust (Afar)
• Chaîne des Puys magmatism, and plumbing system dynamics (France; West-European rift)
• carbonatite magmatism & Oldoinyo Lengai system (Tanzania; East-African rift)

• Enseignement : Pétrologie magmatique et métamorphique, géochimie, volcanologie, cartographie, géologie de terrain, géodynamique…

• Niveau de licence, master, 2^e année (ENSG)

• Responsable de l’enseignement de géochimie en licence

• Responsable de l’enseignement de Volcanologie en M1 (cours-TD-TP-terrain)

• Responsable de l’enseignement de Magmatologie en M2

• Responsable du M2 Terre & Planètes (M2-recherche)

Thesis supervision at CRPG :

• Xiaoyan Gu (2016)“Melt-rock interactions signatures in peridotite from sub-continental mantle (French Massif Central) : A trace element, H, Li and δ7Li approach”. (P.I. : Etienne Deloule, co-direction : Lydéric France, Jannick Ingrin)
• Martin Erdmann (2017)“Felsic melts in the oceanic crust : an experimental study on their generation, phase equilibria, and trace element partitioning”. (P.I. : Juergen Koepke, co-direction : Lydéric France, Etienne Deloule ; International co-tutelle)
• Gaelle Mollex (2017)“Architecture de la plomberie du volcan carbonatitique Oldoinyo Lengai : Nouvelles contraintes sur la source, les transferts hydrothermaux, et la différenciation magmatique dans la chambre active”. (P.I. : Lydéric France, co-direction : Pete Burnard, Evelyn Füri, Bernard Marty)
• Marine Boulanger (2020)“Crustal accretion processes, and melt migration at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges”. (P.I. : Lydéric France, co-direction : Juergen Koepke, Raphael Pik ; International co-direction) ; Ami Boué PhD award 2021 from the SGF (Société Géologique de France)
• Valentin Casola (2021)“Manteau source et genèse des magmas parents des carbonatites : les principales ressources en terres rares sur terre”. (P.I. : Lydéric France, co-direction : Didier Laporte, Etienne Deloule)
• Sarah Lang (2021)“Kinetic aspects of major and trace element partitioning between olivine and melt during solidification of terrestrial and extraterrestrial basaltic materials”. (P.I. : Lydéric France, Silvio Mollo ; International co-direction)
• Juliette Pin (start in 2021) “Magmatisme à la transition océan-continent: Sources des magmas et plomberie magmatique des segments volcaniques d’Erta Ale et d’Assal (Afar)” (P.I.: Gilles Chazot, co-direction: Lydéric France)
• Nicolas Esteves (start in 2021) “Understanding protracted differentiation and its role in Li & rare metals concentration: Petrogenetic evolution & assembly duration of the Beauvoir granite” (co-direction Lydéric France & Pierre Bouilhol)
• Thomas Pereira (start in 2022) “Kinetics of the magmatic processes and plumbing system evolution (mush stability, eruption triggering). The example of the Chaîne des Puys volcanic province (France).” (P.I.: Lydéric France, co-direction: Fidel Costa)
• Cloé Falc’hun (start in 2023) “Magma-mush dynamics during oceanic crust accretion” (P.I.: Lydéric France, co-direction: Pierre Bouilhol, Muriel Laubier)

• Current members:

Lisa Cadoux (Master candidate)

Betty Mansuy (Master candidate)

Nicolas Esteves (PhD student)

Cloé Falc’hun (PhD student)

Thomas Pereira (PhD student)

Juliette Pin (PhD student)

• Others:

Sarah Lambart (visiting researcher 2024-25)

• Former members:

Samantha Azevedo (Master)

Robin Bonnet (Master)

Guillaume Boudoire (Master)

Florian Brouillet (Master)

Malorie Dierick (Master)

Lennart Fischer (Master)

Mathieu Geliot (Master)

Julien Humbert (Master)

Julien Jacquet (Master)

David Madre (Master)

Adrien Mourey (Master)

Léandre Ponthus (Master)

Aurore Toussaint (Master)

Clément Vorgy (Master)

Marine Boulanger (Master + PhD + Post-doctoral fellow)

Valentin Casola (PhD)

Martin Erdmann (PhD)

XiaoYan Gu (PhD)

Sarah Lang (PhD)

Gaëlle Mollex (PhD)

Sumith Abeykoon (Post-doctoral fellow)

Céline Baudouin (Post-doctoral fellow)

Aurélien Beaumais (Post-doctoral fellow)

Carole Berthod (Post-doctoral fellow)

Pierre Condamine (Post-doctoral fellow)

Carlotta Ferrando (Post-doctoral fellow)

• EGU 2024:

Lyde’s poster

Nico’s Poster
Juliette’s talk
Lyde, Nico, Juliette, Sumith

• Thomas in Chaîne des Puys:

• Juliette in Afar (Asal rift, Djibouti) and at Stromboli:

• Nicolas & the Beauvoir granite:

[56] Dhar, A., Ghosh, B., Morishita, T., Chattopadhaya, S., Bandyopadhyay, D., Chalapathi Rao, N.V., France, L., Nguyen D.K., Roy, S., Koley, M. (2025) Development of oxy-symplectites in a slow-spreading lower oceanic crust: Insights from the Atlantis Bank gabbro massif, Southwest Indian Ridge. American Mineralogist. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2024-9350.

[55] Boudoire, G., Bobrowski, N., Burgi, P.Y., Calabrese, S., France, L., Giuffrida, G., Grassa, F., Karume, K., Kazadi Mwepu, J.C., Kuhn, J., Moritz, R., Munguiko Munyamahoro, Rizzo, A.L., Tedesco, D. (2024) Magmatic activity in incipient continetal break-up as revealed by coupling melt and fluid inclusions. Journal of Petrology, egae125. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae125.

[54] Pin, J., Chazot, G., France, L., Abily, B., Gurenko, A., Bertrand, H., Loppin, A. (2024) Protracted magma evolution and transcrustal magmatic plumbing system architecture at Erta Ale volcano (Afar, Ethiopia). Journal of Petrology, 65, egae118. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae118.

[53] Mourey, A.J., France, L., Ildefonse, B., Gurenko, A., Laporte, D. (2023) Genesis of carbonatite at Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania) from olivine nephelinite: Protracted melt evolution and reactive porous flow in deep crustal mushes. Journal of Petrology, 64, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egad084

[52] Tournigand, P.Y., Smets, B., Laxton, K., Dille, A., France, L., Chazot, G., Ho, C., Wauthier, C., Nicholson, E.J., Kasanzu, C.H., Msechu, M., Kervyn, M. (2023) Remote volcano monitoring using crowd-sourced imagery and structure-from-motion photogrammetry: A case study of Oldoinyo Lengai’s active pit crater since the 2007-08 paroxysm. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 443, 107918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107918

[51] Baudouin, C., France, L. (2023) Trace element partitioning between gregoryite, nyerereite, and natrocarbonatite melt: implications for natrocarbonatite evolution. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 178: 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-023-02021-z

[50] Boulanger, M., France, L. (2023) PERSPECTIVES IN PETROLOGY: Cumulate formation and melt extraction from mush-dominated magma reservoirs: The melt flush process exemplified at mid-ocean ridges. Journal of Petrology, 64: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egad005

[49] Ferrando, C., Tribuzio, R., Lissenberg, C.J., France, L., MacLeod, C.J., Basch, V., Villeneuve, J., Deloule, E., Sanfilippo, A. (2022) Brown amphibole as tracer of tectono-magmatic evolution of the Atlantis Bank Oceanic Core Complex (IODP Hole U1473A). Journal of Petrology, egac089, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egac089

[48] Dhar, A., Ghosh, B., Bandyopadhyay, D., Morishita, T., Tamura, A., France, L., Nguyen, D.K., Boulanger, M., Koley, M., Roy, S., Chattopadhaya, S. (2022) The lower oceanic crust at ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: The inside story. Gondwana Research, 111, 223-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.08.008

[47] Pin, J., France, L., Lambart, S., Reisberg, L. (2022) Thermodynamic modeling of melt addition to peridotite: Implications for the refertilization of the non-cratonic continental mantle lithosphere. Chemical Geology, 609, 121050.

[46] Lang, S., Mollo, S., France, L., Misiti, V., Nazzari, M. (2022) Partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a tholeiitic basaltic melt: Insights on olivine zoning patterns and cation substitution reactions under variable cooling rate conditions. Chemical Geology, 601, 120870.

[45] Neukampf, J., Laurent, O., Tollan, P., Bouvier, A. S., Magna, T., Ulmer, P., France, L., Ellis, B. S., Bachmann, O. (2022) Degassing from magma reservoir to eruption in silicic systems : The Li elemental and isotopic record from rhyolitic melt inclusions and host quartz in a Yellowstone rhyolite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 326, 56–76.

[44] Pieterek, B., Ciazela, J., Boulanger, M., Lazarov, M., Wegorzewski, A. V., Panczyk, M., Strauss, H., Dick, H. J. B., Muszynski, A., Koepke, J., Kuhn, T., Czupyt, Z., France, L. (2022) Sulfide enrichment along igneous layer boundaries in the lower oceanic crust : IODP Hole U1473A, Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 320, 179–206.

[43] France, L., Brouillet, F., Lang, S. (2021) Early carbonatite magmatism at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano (Tanzania): carbonatite–silicate melt immiscibility in Lengai I melt inclusions. Comptes Rendus Géoscience, 353, S2, 273-288. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.5802/crgeos.99

[42] Boulanger, M., France, L., Ferrando, C., Ildefonse, B., Ghosh, B., Sanfilippo, A., Liu, C.Z., Morishita, T., Koepke, J., Bruguier, O.(2021) Magma-Mush interactions in the lower oceanic crust: Insights from Atlantis Bank layered series (Southwest Indian Ridge). Journal of Geophysical Research, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB022331

[41] Lang, S., Mollo, S., France, L., Misiti, V., Nazzari, M. (2021) Kinetic partitioning of major-minor cations between olivine and Hawaiian tholeiitic basalt under variable undercooling and cooling rate conditions. Chemical Geology 584: 120485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120485

[40] Ferrando, C., Basch, V., Ildefonse, B., Deans, J., Sanfilippo, A., Barou, F., France, L. (2021). Role of compaction in melt extraction and accumulation at a slow spreading center: Microstructures of olivine gabbros from the Atlantis Bank (IODP Hole U1473A, SWIR). Tectonophysics, 815, 229001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2021.229001

[39] Azevedo-Vannson, S., France, L., Ingrin, J., Chazot, G. (2021) Mantle metasomatic influence on water contents in continental lithosphere: New constraints from garnet pyroxenite xenoliths (France & Camroon volcanic provinces). Chemical Geology 575: 120257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120257

[38] L. France, M. Lombard, C. Nicollet, C. Berthod, B. Debret, J. Koepke, B. Ildefonse, A. Toussaint (2021) Quantifying the axial magma lens dynamics at the roof of oceanic magma reservoirs (dike/gabbro transition): Oman drilling project GT3 site survey. Journal Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126, e2020JB021496. doi:10.1029/2020JB021496

[37] Rose-Koga, E., Bouvier, A.-S., Gaetani, G., Wallace, P. J., Allison, C. M., Andrys, J. A., et al. (incluant L. France) (2021) Silicate melt inclusions in the new millennium: a review of recommended practices for preparation, analysis, and data presentation. Chem. Geol. 570:120145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120145

[36] Ferrando, C., France, L., Basch, V., Sanfilippo, A., Tribuzio, R., & Boulanger, M. (2021). Grain size variations record segregation of residual melts in slow-spreading oceanic crust (Atlantis Bank, 57°E Southwest Indian Ridge). JGR Solid Earth, 106(4), e2020JB020997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JB020997

[35] L. France (2020) Can destabilization rims of hydrous minerals be used to constrain magma ascent kinetics at lava dome volcanoes? Bulletin of Volcanology, doi:10.1007/s00445-020-01405-4

[34] M. Boulanger, L. France, J.R. Deans, C. Ferrando, J.C. Lissenberg, A. von der Handt (2020) Magma reservoir formation and evolution at a slow-spreading center (Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge). Frontiers in Earth Science. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.554598

[33] V. Casola, L. France, A. Galy, N. Bouden, J. Villeneuve (2020) No evidence for carbon enrichment in the mantle source of carbonatites in eastern Africa. Geology, 48. doi:10.1130/G47629.1

[32] C. Baudouin, L. France, M. Boulanger, C. Dalou, J.L. Devidal (2020) Trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and alkaline magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 175: 42. doi:10.1007/s00410-020-01680-6

[31] H.J.B. Dick, C.J. MacLeod, P. Blum, N. Abe, D.K. Blackman, J.A. Bowles, M.J. Cheadle, K. Cho, J. Ciążela, J.R. Deans, V.P. Edgcomb, C. Ferrando, L. France, B. Ghosh, B. Ildefonse, B. John, M.A. Kendrick, J. Koepke, J.A.M. Leong, C. Liu, Q. Ma, T. Morishita, A. Morris, J. H. Natland, T. Nozaka, O. Pluemper, A. Sanfilippo, J.B. Sylvan, M.A. Tivey, R. Tribuzio, G. Viegas (2019) Dynamic accretion beneath a slow spreading ridge segment: IODP Hole 1473A & the Atlantis Bank Oceanic Core Complex. in press in Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth. doi:10.1029/2018JB016858

[30] C. Baudouin, L. France (2019) Trace element partitioning between wollastonite and alkaline silicate magmas. Chemical Geology, 523: 88-94. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.06.001

[29] D. Ayalew, R. Pik, N. Bellahsen, L. France, G. Yirgu (2019) Differential fractionation of rhyolites during the course of crustal extension, Western Afar (Ethiopian rift). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. doi:10.1029/2018GC007446

[28] D.K. Nguyen, T. Morishita, Y. Soda, A. Tamura, B. Ghosh, Y. Harigane, L. France, C. Liu, J.H. Natland, A. Sanfilippo, C.J. MacLeod, P. Blum, H.J.B. Dick (2018) Occurrence of felsic rocks in oceanic gabbros from IODP Hole 1473A: Implications for evolved melt migration in the lower oceanic crust. Minerals, 8(12): 583. doi:10.3390/min8120583

[27] G. Mollex, E. Füri, P. Burnard, L. Zimmermann, G. Chazot, E.O. Kazimoto, B. Marty, L. France (2018) Helium isotope composition from mantle source to fumaroles at the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania. Chemical Geology, 480: 66-74. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.08.015

[26] X. Gu, J. Ingrin, E. Deloule, L. France, Q. Xia (2018) Mantle metasomatism in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the South French Massif Central: Constraints from trace elements, Li and H in peridotite minerals. Chemical Geology, 478: 2-17. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.08.006

[25] C. Zhang, J. Koepke, L. France, M. Godard (2017) Felsic Plutonics from IODP Hole 1256D, Eastern Pacific: Implications for the Nature of Axial Melt Lens at Fast-Spreading Ocean Ridges. Journal of Petrology, 58-1: 1535-1565. doi:10.1093/petrology/egx064

[24] C. Zhang, L.X. Wang, M.A.W. Marks, L. France, J. Koepke (2017) Volatiles (CO₂, S, F, Cl, Br) in the dike-gabbro transition zone at IODP Hole 1256D: Magmatic imprint versus hydrothermal influence at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. Chemical Geology, 459: 43-60. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.04.002

[23] M. Erdmann, L. France, L. Fischer, E. Deloule, J. Koepke (2017) Trace elements in anatectic products at the roof of mid-ocean ridge magma chambers: an experimental study. Chemical Geology, 456: 43-57. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.03.004

[22] X. Gu, E. Deloule, L. France, J. Ingrin (2016) Multi-stage metasomatism revealed by trace element and Li isotope distributions in minerals of peridotite xenoliths from Allègre volcano (French Massif Central). Lithos, 264: 158-174 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.07.019

[21] S. Medynski, R. Pik, P. Burnard, S. Dumont, R. Grandin, A. Williams, P.H. Blard, I. Schimmelpfennig, C. Vye-Brown, L. France, D. Ayelew, L. Benedetti, G. Yirgu, ASTER Team (2016) Magmatic cycles pace tectonic and morphological expression of rifting (Afar depression, Ethiopia). EPSL, 446: 77-88. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.014

[20] L. France, M. Demacon, A.A. Gurenko, D. Briot (2016) Oxygen isotopes reveal crustal contamination and a large, still partially molten magma chamber in Chaîne des Puys (French Massif Central). Lithos, 260: 328-338. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.05.013

[19] L.A. Fischer, M. Erdmann, L. France, P. Wolff, E. Deloule, C. Zhang, M. Godard, J. Koepke (2016) Trace element evidence for anatexis at oceanic magma chamber roofs and the role of partial melts for contamination of fresh MORB. Lithos, 260: 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.05.001

[18] C. Scheffer, O. Vanderhaeghe, P. Lanari, A. Tarantola, L. Ponthus, A. Photiades, L. France (2016) Syn- to post-orogenic exhumation of metamorphic nappes: structure and thermobarometry of the western Attic-Cycladic metamorphic complex (Lavrion, Greece). Journal of Geodynamics, 96: 174-193. doi:10.1016/j.jod.2015.08.005

[17] L. France, G. Chazot, J. Kornprobst, L. Dallai, R. Vannucci, M. Grégoire, H. Bertrand, P. Boivin, (2015) Mantle refertilization and magmatism in old orogenic regions: The role of late-orogenic pyroxenites. Lithos, 232: 49-75. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2015.05.017

[16] M. Erdmann, L. Fischer, L. France, C. Zhang, M. Godard, J. Koepke (2015) Anatexis at the roof of an oceanic magma chamber at IODP Site 1256 (equatorial Pacific): an experimental study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 169: 39. doi:10.1007/s00410-015-1136-5

[15] I. Pezzali, L. France, G. Chazot, R. Vannucci (2015) Analogues of exhumed pyroxenite layers in the Alboran domain sampled as xenoliths by Middle Atlas Cenozoic volcanism. Lithos, 230: 184-188. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2015.02.024

[14] S. Medynski, R. Pik, P. Burnard, C. Vye-Brown, L. France, I. Schimmelpfennig, K. Whaler, N. Johnson, L. Benedetti, D. Ayelew, G. Yirgu (2015) Stability of rift axis magma reservoirs: spatial and temporal evolution of magma supply in the Dabbahu rift segment (Afar, Ethiopia) over the past 30 kyr. EPSL, 409: 278-289. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.002

[13] L. France, J. Koepke, C.J. MacLeod, B. Ildefonse, M. Godard, E. Deloule (2014) Contamination of MORB by anatexis of magma chamber roof rocks: constraints from a geochemical study of experimental melts and associated residues. Lithos, 202-203: 120-137. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2014.05.018

[12] L. France, B. Ildefonse, J. Koepke (2013) Hydrous magmatism triggered by assimilation of hydrothermally altered rocks in fossil oceanic crust (Northern Oman ophiolite). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, doi: 10.1002/ggge.20137

[11] S. Medynski, R. Pik, P. Burnard, A. Williams, C. Vye-Brown, D. Ferguson, P.H. Blard, L. France, G. Yirgu, J.I. Seid, D. Ayalew, A. Calvert (2013) Controls on magmatic cycles and development of rift topography of the Manda Hararo segment (Afar, Ethiopia): Insights from cosmogenic 3He investigation of landscape evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 367: 133-145. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.006

[10] N. Bolfan-Casanova, M. Muñoz, C. McCammon, E. Deloule, A. Ferot, S. Demouchy, L. France, D. Andrault, S. Pascarelli (2012) Ferric iron and water incorporation in wadsleyite under hydrous and oxidizing conditions: a XANES, Mössbauer, and SIMS study. American Mineralogist, 97: 1483-1493. doi: 10.2138/am.2012.3869

[9] F. Deschamps, M. Godard, S. Guillot, C. Chauvel, M. Andreani, K. Hattori, B. Wunder, L. France; (2012) Behaviour of fluid-mobile elements in serpentines from abyssal to subduction environments: Examples from Cuba and Dominican Republic. Chemical Geology, 312-313: 93-117. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.04.009

[8] J. Koepke, L France, T. Müller, F. Faure, N. Goetze, W. Dziony, B. Ildefonse (2011) Gabbros from IODP Site 1256, equatorial Pacific: Insight into axial magma chamber processes at fast-spreading ocean ridges. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. Q09014, doi: 10.1029/2011GC003655

[7] L. France, C. Nicollet (2010) MetaRep, an extended CMAS 3D program to visualize mafic (CMAS, ACF-S, ACF-N) and pelitic (AFM-K, AFM-S, AKF-S) projections. Computers and Geosciences, 36: 786-791. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2010.01.001

[6] L. France, J. Koepke, B. Ildefonse, S. Cichy, F. Deschamps (2010) Hydrous partial melting in the sheeted dike complex at fast spreading ridges: Experimental and natural observations. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 160:683-704. doi:10.1007/s00410-010-0502-6

[5] L. France, B. Ildefonse, J. Koepke, F. Bech (2010) A New Method to Estimate the Oxidation State of Basaltic series from microprobe analysis. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 189: 340-346, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.11.023

[4] A. Nicolas, F. Boudier, L. France (2009) Subsidence in magma chamber and development of magmatic foliation in Oman ophiolite gabbros. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284:76-87. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.04.012

[3] L. France, N. Ouillon, G. Chazot, J. Kornprobst, P. Boivin (2009) CMAS 3D a new program to visualize and project major elements compositions in the CMAS system. Computers and Geosciences, 35, 1304-1310, doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.07.002

[2] L. France, B. Ildefonse, J. Koepke (2009) Interactions between magma and hydrothermal system in Oman ophiolite and in IODP Hole 1256D: Fossilisation of a dynamic melt lens at fast spreading ridges. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10-10, Q10O19, doi: 10.1029/2009GC002652

[1] A. Nicolas, F. Boudier, J. Koepke, L. France, B. Ildefonse, C Mevel (2008) The Root Zone of the Sheeted Dike Complex in the Oman Ophiolite. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q05001, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001918