Gaston Giuliani

@article{Bziat_etal2022,

title = {Les gisements d’\'{e}meraude de Madagascar},

author = {D. B\'{e}ziat and S. Salvi and G. Giuliani and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and V. Pardieu and S. Sangsawong},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {63--70},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Branquet+Giuliani2022,

title = {G\'{e}ologie et exploration de l’\'{e}meraude colombienne},

author = {Y. Branquet and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {195--206},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2022,

title = {Les gisements d’\'{e}meraude en environnement granitique},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {45--46},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2022_2,

title = {Pourquoi certains gisements d’\'{e}meraude sont-ils si particuliers},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {137--148},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2022_3,

title = {G\'{e}ologie et gen`ese des \'{e}meraudes du Panjshir},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {265--270},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2022_2,

title = {Typologie des gisements d’\'{e}meraude},

author = {G. Giuliani and Y. Branquet and L. A. Groat and D. D. Marshall and A. A. Fallick},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {37--44},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Michelou_etal2022,

title = {Les gisements d’\'{e}meraude du Pakistan},

author = {J. C. Michelou and L. Cornuz and Z. Michelou and V. Pardieu and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {247--258},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli_etal2022_2,

title = {Les curiosit\'{e}s min\'{e}ralogiques de l’\'{e}meraude colombienne},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and Ch. Morlot and L. Salsi and G. Martayan},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {215--226},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schwarz+Giuliani2022,

title = {La gemmologie des \'{e}meraudes du Br\'{e}sil},

author = {D. Schwarz and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {303--310},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli_etal2022,

title = {The ‘Star of David’ pattern and presence of macrosteps on ruby and sapphire crystals from Aappaluttoq, Greenland},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and C. Morlot and V. Pardieu},

doi = {10.15506/JoG.2022.38.4.364},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Gemmology},

volume = {38},

number = {4},

pages = {364--375},

abstract = {A ‘Star of David’ appearance is rarely exhibited on gem corundum crystals due totriangular step patterns in opposing orientations on each pinacoidal face. Such samples were recently found at the Aappaluttoq mine in Greenland, and are characterised by eye-visible triangular macrosteps with micrometre- to millimetre-size edges, an uncommon feature on natural corundum crystals. The edge height, as well as the presence of wide terraces and trench-like defects on the crystals, suggest that the macrosteps result from step bunching and faceting1 processes. The macrosteps likely formed under high-temperature conditions and intense fluid-rock interactions, in a growth medium where impurities and direction of fluid flow played an important role in the step formation. Large macrosteps are also found on corundum crystals from other deposits of both magmatic and metamorphic origin.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2020,

title = {Les gemmes du Gondwana},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {152},

pages = {6--18},

abstract = {R\'{e}sum\'{e}. Au N\'{e}oprot\'{e}rozo"ique ctextquoterightest-`a-dire entre 1000 et 540 millions dtextquoterightann\'{e}es, sont n\'{e}es des cha^ines de montagnes li\'{e}es `a ltextquoterightorog\'{e}n`ese panafricaine dans le Gondwana de ltextquoterightEst, et aux orog\'{e}n`eses Damara et Brasiliano dans le Gondwana de ltextquoterightOuest. La collision de plusieurs plaques continentales a engendr\'{e} des roches granitiques et leurs pegmatites dans les parties superficielles des cha^ines et un m\'{e}tamorphisme de haut grade dans leurs racines profondes. Les t\'{e}moins de ces cha^ines stextquoteright\'{e}tendent de ltextquoterightAfrique de ltextquoterightEst jusqutextquoterighten Antarctique de ltextquoterightEst ainsi qutextquoterighten Namibie et au Br\'{e}sil. Le Gondwana de ltextquoterightEst est connue pour ses roches m\'{e}tamorphiques riches en gemmes notamment le rubis, le saphir, la tsavorite et la tanzanite. Le Gondwana de ltextquoterightEst est r\'{e}put\'{e}e pour ses pegmatites `a pierres fines comme les b\'{e}ryls et les tourmalines ainsi que les \'{e}meraudes qui font la r\'{e}putation de la Zambie et du Br\'{e}sil.Abstract. In the Neoproterozoic, between 1,000 and 540 millions of years ago, there arose mountain ranges associated with the Pan-African orogeny in Eastern Gondwanaland and with the Damara and Brasiliano orogenies in Western Gondwanaland. The collision of several continental plates resulted in the formation of granites and their pegmatites in the superficial zones of these mountain ranges and high grade metamorphism rocks in their deep roots. The witnesses of these ranges stretch from East Africa to East Antarctica and include Namibia and Brazil. Eastern Gondwanaland is noted for its gem-rich metamorphic rocks with ruby, sapphire, tsavorite and tanzanite. Western Gondwanaland is reputed for gem-bearing pegmatites including beryl and tourmaline and the famous Zambian and Brazilian emeralds.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2020,

title = {Ruby deposits: A review and geological classification},

author = {G. Giuliani and L. A. Groat and A. E. Fallick and I. Pignatelli and V. Pardieu},

doi = {10.3390/min10070597},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {10},

number = {957},

abstract = {Corundum is not uncommon on Earth but the gem varieties of ruby and sapphire are relatively rare. Gem corundum deposits are classified as primary and secondary deposits. Primary deposits contain corundum either in the rocks where it crystallized or as xenocrysts and xenoliths carried by magmas to the Earthtextquoterights surface. Classification systems for corundum deposits are based on different mineralogical and geological features. An up-to-date classification scheme for ruby deposits is described in the present paper. Ruby forms in mafic or felsic geological environments, or in metamorphosed carbonate platforms but it is always associated with rocks depleted in silica and enriched in alumina. Two major geological environments are favorable for the presence of ruby : (1) amphibolite to medium pressure granulite facies metamorphic belts and (2) alkaline basaltic volcanism in continental rifting environments. Primary ruby deposits formed from the Archean (2.71 Ga) in Greenland to the Pliocene (5 Ma) in Nepal. Secondary ruby deposits have formed at various times from the erosion of metamorphic belts (since the Precambrian) and alkali basalts (from the Cenozoic to the Quaternary). Primary ruby deposits are subdivided into two types based on their geological environment of formation : (Type I) magmatic-related and (Type II) metamorphic-related. Type I is characterized by two sub-types, specifically Type IA where xenocrysts or xenoliths of gem ruby of metamorphic (sometimes magmatic) origin are hosted by alkali basalts (Madagascar and others), and Type IB corresponding to xenocrysts of ruby in kimberlite (Democratic Republic of Congo). Type II also has two sub-types ; metamorphic deposits sensu stricto (Type IIA) that formed in amphibolite to granulite facies environments, and metamorphic-metasomatic deposits (Type IIB) formed via high fluid--rock interaction and metasomatism. Secondary ruby deposits, i.e., placers are termed sedimentary-related (Type III). These placers are hosted in sedimentary rocks (soil, rudite, arenite, and silt) that formed via erosion, gravity e-ect, mechanical transport, and sedimentation along slopes or basins related to neotectonic motions and deformation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli_etal2020,

title = {Flower-shaped trapiche ruby from Mong Hsu, Myanmar : A revised growth mechanism},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and C. Morlot and M. Cathelineau and S. I. Liu},

doi = {10.15506/JoG.2020.37.4.404},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Gemmology},

volume = {37},

number = {4},

pages = {404--415},

abstract = {Two polished slices of flower-shaped trapiche ruby from Mong Hsu were analysed by X-ray computed tomography and X-ray micro-fluorescence. They are characterised by the presence of a core overgrown by two layers of ruby (with the outer one forming the textquoteleftpetaltextquoteright shape), and these three domains were previously attributed by Liu (2015) to a multi-stage growth mechanism. The present research indicates that these specimens show textural sector zoning associated with chemical sector zoning. In agreement with literature data, three different growth sectors are identified : a pinacoidal growth sector (corresponding to the core) and two sets of dipyramidal growth sectors with different inclinations with respect to the c-axis. The core, middle and outer layers are thus growth sectors of the same crystal, and no successive stages are needed to explain their formation. Therefore, the growth model proposed for other trapiche rubies from Myanmar also applies to the formation of these flower-shaped specimens. The distinctive shape of these rubies is due to weathering of the growth sectors and the sector boundaries.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fallick_etal2019,

title = {Remarkably uniform oxygen isotope systematics for co-existing pairs of gem-spinel and calcite in marble, with special reference to Vietnamese deposits},

author = {A. E. Fallick and G. Giuliani and T. Rigaudier and A. J. Boyce and V. L. Pham and V. Pardieu},

doi = {10.1016/j.crte.2018.11.008},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus. G\'{e}oscience},

volume = {351},

pages = {27--36},

abstract = {Oxygen isotope systematics for co-existing pairs of gem-spinel and calcite in marble from Vietnam and other worldwide deposits have been determined in order to characterize the O-isotope fractionation between calcite and spinel. In Vietnam, the $Delta$18Occ--sp (= 3.7 textpm 0.1texttenthousand for six samples from the An Phu and Cong Troi deposits) is remarkably constant. The combination of these data with those obtained on calcite--spinel pairs of Paigutan (Nepa},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2019,

title = {Curiosit\'{e}s Min\'{e}ralogiques : une association \'{e}meraude, fluorite et calcite, fruit du transport du b\'{e}ryllium par des complexes fluor\'{e}s et carbonat\'{e}s},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {148},

pages = {56--57},

abstract = {Cette association min\'{e}rale insolite pr\'{e}sente un cristal translucide et blanch^atre de fluorite (de 1,9 cm de c^ot\'{e}) d\'{e}pos\'{e} sur une matrice de calcite grise. La fluorite encapuchonne de la calcite blanche et de superbes cristaux dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude gemme dont le prisme hexagonal peut atteindre 1 cm. Les cristaux verts dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude apparaissent par transparence sous le cristal de fluorite. Cette pi`ece rare provient dtextquoterightune ancienne d\'{e}couverte. Celle-ci a \'{e}t\'{e} mise en vente en 1982 au salon de Munich (Allemagne), puis conserv\'{e}e durant 35 ans dans une collection `a Salzbourg (Autriche). Ltextquoterightann\'{e}e derni`ere, elle a trouv\'{e} sa place dans la collection de Robert Brandstetter.Cette association min\'{e}rale \'{e}meraude-fluorine-carbonate ntextquoterightest pas rare mais la pi`ece pr\'{e}sent\'{e}e est exceptionnelle tant par les dimensions du cristal de fluorite que par la pr\'{e}sence de nombreux prismes hexagonaux dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude gemme. Cette association min\'{e}rale se rencontre uniquement dans la zone `a \'{e}meraude occidentale de Colombie},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Groat2019,

title = {Geology of corundum and emerald gem deposits : A review},

author = {G. Giuliani and L. A. Groat},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Gems \& Gemology},

volume = {55},

number = {4},

pages = {464--489},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2019_2,

title = {Emerald deposits : A review and enhanced classification},

author = {G. Giuliani and L. A. Groat and D. Marshall and A. E. Fallick and Y. Branquet},

doi = {10.3390/min9020105},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {9},

number = {105},

pages = {1--63},

abstract = {Although emerald deposits are relatively rare, they can be formed in several different, but specific geologic settings and the classification systems and models currently used to describe emerald precipitation and predict its occurrence are too restrictive, leading to confusion as to the exact mode of formation for some emerald deposits. Generally speaking, emerald is beryl with sufficient concentrations of the chromophores, chromium and vanadium, to result in green and sometimes bluish green or yellowish green crystals. The limiting factor in the formation of emerald is geological conditions resulting in an environment rich in both beryllium and chromium or vanadium. Historically, emerald deposits have been classified into three broad types. The first and most abundant deposit type, in terms of production, is the desilicated pegmatite related type that formed via the interaction of metasomatic fluids with beryllium-rich pegmatites, or similar granitic bodies, that intruded into chromium- or vanadium-rich rocks, such as ultramafic and volcanic rocks, or shales derived from those rocks. A second deposit type, accounting for most of the emerald of gem quality, is the sedimentary type, which generally involves the interaction, along faults and fractures, of upper level crustal brines rich in Be from evaporite interaction with shales and other Cr- and/or V-bearing sedimentary rocks. The third, and comparatively most rare, deposit type is the metamorphic-metasomatic deposit. In this deposit model, deeper crustal fluids circulate along faults or shear zones and interact with metamorphosed shales, carbonates, and ultramafic rocks, and Be and Cr (+-V) may either be transported to the deposition site via the fluids or already be present in the host metamorphic rocks intersected by the faults or shear zones. All three emerald deposit models require some level of tectonic activity and often continued tectonic activity can result in the metamorphism of an existing sedimentary or magmatic type deposit. In the extreme, at deeper crustal levels, high-grade metamorphism can result in the partial melting of metamorphic rocks, blurring the distinction between metamorphic and magmatic deposit types. In the present paper, we propose an enhanced classification for emerald deposits based on the geological environment, i.e., magmatic or metamorphic ; host-rocks type, i.e., mafic-ultramafic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and granitoids ; degree of metamorphism ; styles of minerlization, i.e., veins, pods, metasomatites, shear zone ; type of fluids and their temperature, pressure, composition. The new classification accounts for multi-stage formation of the deposits and ages of formation, as well as probable remobilization of previous beryllium mineralization, such as pegmatite intrusions in mafic-ultramafic rocks. Such new considerations use the concept of genetic models based on studies employing chemical, geochemical, radiogenic, and stable isotope, and fluid and solid inclusion fingerprints. The emerald occurrences and deposits are classified into two main types : (Type I) Tectonic magmatic-related with sub-types hosted in : (IA) Mafic-ultramafic rocks (Brazil, Zambia, Russia, and others) ; (IB) Sedimentary rocks (China, Canada, Norway, Kazakhstan, Australia) ; (IC) Granitic rocks (Nigeria). (Type II) Tectonic metamorphic-related with sub-types hosted in : (IIA) Mafic-ultramafic rocks (Brazil, Austria) ; (IIB) Sedimentary rocks-black shale (Colombia, Canada, USA) ; (IIC) Metamorphic rocks (China, Afghanistan, USA) ; (IID) Metamorphosed and remobilized either type I deposits or hidden granitic intrusion-related (Austria, Egypt, Australia, Pakistan), and some unclassified deposits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2019_3,

title = {Les zo"isites de Canari (France) et Merelani (Tanzanie) : similitudes et diff\'{e}rences},

author = {G. Giuliani and I. Pignatelli and C. Lheur and J. Feneyrol and N. Claiser and L. Tissandier and A. E. Fallick and A. Boyce and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {149},

pages = {20--51},

abstract = {La formation des zo"isites `a Cr (textpmV) de Canari (Corse) et `a V (textpmCr) de Merelani (Tanzanie) est le r\'{e}sultat respectif dtextquoterightun \'{e}pisode m\'{e}tamorphique dans le faci`es Schiste vert, de moyenne `a basse temp\'{e}rature (480-300textdegreeC). Ces zo"isites se forment au cours de phases tectono-m\'{e}tamorphiques tardives et elles se localisent dans des syst`emes de fissures, de veines, de veinules et/ou de poches. La zo"isite corse est associ\'{e}e `a ltextquoteright\'{e}pisode tectonique extensif du Tertiaire qui affecta la s\'{e}rie ophiolitique du Cap Corse. La zo"isite tanzanienne est n\'{e}oprot\'{e}rozo"ique et reli\'{e}e `a la phase de r\'{e}tromorphose qui affecta la s\'{e}rie m\'{e}tas\'{e}dimentaire de Merelani. `Altextquoterightancienne mine dtextquoterightasbeste de Canari, la zo"isite se trouve dans des m\'{e}tagabbros, et `a Merelani, dans des intercalations de roches calco-silicat\'{e}es et de m\'{e}ta-\'{e}vaporites au sein de gneiss graphiteux. Les sources du vanadium (V) et chrome (Cr) pour ces zo"isites sont dtextquoterightorigine mantellique : les m\'{e}tagabbros `a Canari, et `a Merelani, une s\'{e}rie m\'{e}tas\'{e}dimentaire o`u Cr et V proviennent de ltextquoteright\'{e}rosion de formations mafiques-ultramafiques et par la suite, du d\'{e}p^ot dtextquoterightargiles `a Cr-V dans un bassin s\'{e}dimentaire de ltextquoterightOc\'{e}an mozambicain, qui est m\'{e}tamorphis\'{e} au N\'{e}oprot\'{e}rozo"ique, au cours de ltextquoterightorogen`ese de ltextquoterightAfrique de ltextquoterightEst. Les associations notamment de min\'{e}raux calciques et magn\'{e}siens soit comme paragen`ese, soit comme min\'{e}raux inclus dans les zo"isites sont dtextquoterightautres points min\'{e}ralogiques communs. Les param`etres de maille calcul\'{e}s `a partir dtextquoterightune \'{e}tude de rayons X sur un cristal de Canari confirment d\'{e}finitivement la pr\'{e}sence de zo"isite au Cap Corse. Par ailleurs, les deux zo"isites de couleur verte poss`edent de faibles (Canari) `a extr^emement faibles (Merelani) teneurs en fer. Les diff\'{e}rences sont majeures en ce qui concerne : (1) la nature du protolithe1 supportant la min\'{e}ralisation ; (2) les cristaux en terme de dimension et de couleur qui sont de petite taille, transparents `a translucides, faiblement color\'{e}s `a Canari (tr`es rarement avec une belle teinte verte), et de grande taille et fortement color\'{e}s `a Merelani (avec une v\'{e}ritable zo"isite verte). Canari est une occurrence min\'{e}ralogique reconnue alors que Merelani est un gisement de zo"isite gemme `a haute valeur \'{e}conomique ; (3) la composition des fluides, aqueux (H2O) `a Canari, et sulfur\'{e}s (H2S-S8) `a Merelani, ainsi que les m\'{e}canismes chimiques et thermodynamiques responsables de la formation de la zo"isite ; (4) les compositions isotopiques de ltextquoterightoxyg`ene qui sont tr`es contrast\'{e}es. Le traitement thermique r\'{e}alis\'{e} sur la zo"isite de Canari, de couleur vert tr`es clair, entre 400 et 700textdegreeC pendant six heures, ntextquoterighta pas mis en \'{e}vidence de changement de couleur, ph\'{e}nom`ene d\'{e}crit \'{e}galement pour la zo"isite verte de Merelani.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Groat_etal2019,

title = {A review of analytical methods used in geographic origin determination of gemstones},

author = {L. A. Groat and G. Giuliani and J. Stone-Sundberg and Z. Sun and N. D. Renfro and A. C. Palke},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Gems \& Gemology},

volume = {55},

number = {4},

pages = {512--535},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli_etal2019,

title = {The texture and chemical composition of trapiche ruby from Khoan Thong, Luc Yen mining district, northern Vietnam},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and Ch. Morlot and Pham V.L.},

doi = {10.15506/JoG.2019.36.8.726},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Gemmology},

volume = {36},

number = {8},

pages = {726--745},

abstract = {Prochainement au CRPG : Lundi 6 janvier 2020 13:00 Discussion d\'{e}fis INSU Jeudi 16 janvier 2020 13:30 Olivier Vidal ISTerre Grenoble Ressources min\'{e}rales et \'{e}nerg\'{e}tiques et transition \'{e}nerg\'{e}tique Lundi 20 janvier 2020 13:00 Sylvain Breton Dynamique des surfaces plan\'{e}taires `a partir des statistiques de crat`eres dtextquoterightimpactPublications r\'{e}centes : The texture and chemical composition of trapiche ruby from Khoan Thong, Luc Yen mining (...) Pignatelli, I. ; Giuliani, G. ; Morlot, C. ; Pham, V.L., J. Gemmology Geochemical evidence for high volatile fluxes from the mantle at the end of the (...) Marty, B. ; Bekaert, D.V. ; Broadley, M.W. ; Jaupart, C., Nature Influence of redox processes on the germanium isotopic composition of ordinary (...) FLorin, G. ; Luais, B. ; Rushmer, T. ; Alard, O., GCA Primordial water and dust of the Solar System : Insights from in situ oxygen measurements of CI (...) Piralla, M. ; Marrocchi, Y. ; Verdier-Paoletti, M.J. ; Vacher, L.G. ; Villeneuve, J. ; Piani, (...) Rapid condensation of the first Solar System solids Marrocchi, Y. ; Villeneuve, J. ; Jacquet, E. ; Piralla, M. ; Chaussidon, M., (...)Accueil du site \> Publications \> Ilmenites and their alteration products, sinkholes for uranium and radium (...)Ilmenites and their alteration products, sinkholes for uranium and radium in roll-front deposits after the example of South Tortkuduk (Kazakhstan)Boulesteix, T. ; Cathelineau, M. ; Deloule, E. ; Brouand, M. ; Toubon, H. ; Lach, P. ; Fiet, N., J. Geoch. Expl.Ilmenites and their alteration products, sinkholes for uranium and radium in roll-front deposits after the example of South Tortkuduk (Kazakhstan)Boulesteix, T. ; Cathelineau, M. ; Deloule, E. ; Brouand, M. ; Toubon, H. ; Lach, P. ; Fiet, N., JJournal of Geochemical Exploration, 2019, 206, 106343Abstract :The approximate determination of average Ra/U disequilibria in orebodies is one of the most common causes of errors in U reserve estimations. In roll-front deposits, the disequilibria are however frequently distributed following complex geometries, which must be fully understood to prevent major U reserve overestimates and costly unproductive extractive operations. The processes responsible for disruption of the radioactive equilibria and the U and Ra carriers in such complex natural systems remain poorly constrained. In this contribution, we propose an innovative approach, mixing orebody to sub-grain scale studies to unravel the distribution of U and Ra and the processes responsible for their concentration and uncoupling. Using mineral separations, gamma spectrometry and mineral-chemical analyses, we identified the Fe-Ti clusters (altered ilmenite + pyrite/marcasite) as the microsites for coffinite precipitation and Ra concentration. To understand the influence of such clusters on the distribution of U and Ra at the deposit scale, wholerock Ra/U disequilibria were measured and mapped at a series of ten drill holes along a profile crosscutting the studied roll-front. The main Ra/U disequilibria are encountered around the mineralization in low U content zones. They are controlled by two main processes. (1) In the oxidized zones, the immobility of 230Th with respect to the U produces patches of Ra disequilibria (carried by the altered U minerals). (2) In the immediate vicinity of the roll-front, the dissolution of the mineralization produces an Ra flux trapped by the alteration products of ilmenites, as definitely confirmed by direct SIMS measurements. Such a process is responsible for the Ra disequilibria envelope located downstream of the richest ores, also known as Ra halo. The highest Ra/U ratios correspond to oxidized upstream samples, but most other high Ra/U ratios are from reduced downstream samples close to the mineralization. Such a low to medium U content envelope with high Ra/U ratios constitutes the main cause of U reserve overestimations.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Richard_etal2019,

title = {Advances in 3D imaging and volumetric reconstruction of fluid and melt inclusions by high resolution X-ray computed tomography},

author = {A. Richard and C. Morlot and L. Cr\'{e}on and N. Beaudoin and V. S. Balistky and S. Pentelei and V. Dyja-Person and G. Giuliani and I. Pignatelli and H. Legros and J. Sterpenich and J. Pironon},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.012},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {508},

pages = {3--14},

abstract = {Fluid and melt inclusions are tiny pockets of fluid and melt trapped in natural and synthetic minerals. Characterizing the 3D distribution of fluid and melt inclusions within minerals, their shape and the volume fraction of their different phases is crucial for determining the conditions of crystal growth and paleostress analysis. However, their relatively small size (typically 5 to 100 $mu$m), complex shape, heterogeneous content, the opaque nature of some host minerals and projection bias frequently hamper accurate imaging and volumetric reconstruction using conventional microscopic techniques. High resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) is a non-destructive method which uses contrasts of X-ray attenuation in a series of contiguous radiographs with different view angles to reconstruct the 3D distribution of areas of different densities within a large variety of materials. In this work, we show the capabilities of HRXCT for: (i) imaging the 3D distribution of aqueous and hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions and silicate melt inclusions in a crystal; (ii) characterizing the shape of fluid and melt inclusions and (iii) reconstructing the total volume and the volume of the different phases (liquid, glass, crystal, vapor) of fluid and melt inclusions. We have used a variety of hand specimens and chips of transparent and opaque minerals (olivine, quartz, feldspar, garnet, emerald, wolframite), that we analyzed using three different HRXCT setups. When a resolution of textasciitilde1 $mu$m3/voxel is achieved, HRXCT allows identifying \>5 $mu$m fluid inclusions, and the identification and volumetric reconstruction of the different phases can be carried out with reasonable confidence for relatively large (\>25 $mu$m) inclusions. Density contrasts are high enough to properly identify: (i) a silicate melt inclusion, and its different phases (glass, vapor and crystals such as clinopyroxene and spinel) in an olivine crystal; (ii) aqueous monophase (liquid) and two-phase (liquid + vapor) fluid inclusions in transparent and opaque minerals (quartz, garnet, emerald, wolframite). In the case of hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions containing a vapor phase and two liquid phases (oil and aqueous solution), the two liquid phases could not be distinguished from each other. Volumetric reconstruction of liquid and vapor phases of aqueous and hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions show compatible results with independent calculations using known pressure, temperature, molar volume and composition (P-T-V-x) conditions of trapping or imaging using confocal laser scanning microscopy respectively. Collectively, our results show that HRXCT is a promising tool for non-destructive characterization of fluid and melt inclusions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Voudouris_etal2019_2,

title = {Gem corundum deposits of Greece : Geology, mineralogy and genesis},

author = {P. Voudouris and C. Mavrogonatos and I. Graham and G. Giuliani and V. Melfos and S. Karampelas and V. Karantoni and K. Wang and A. Tarantola and K. Zaw and S. Meffre and S. Klemme and J. Berndt and S. Heidrich and F. Zaccarini and A. Fallick},

doi = {10.3390/min9010049},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {9},

number = {49},

pages = {1--42},

abstract = {Greece contains several gem corundum deposits set within diverse geological settings, mostly within the Rhodope (Xanthi and Drama areas) and Attico-Cycladic (Naxos and Ikaria islands) tectono-metamorphic units. In the Xanthi area, the sapphire (pink, blue to purple) deposits are stratiform, occurring within marble layers alternating with amphibolites. Deep red rubies in the Paranesti-Drama area are restricted to boudinaged lenses of Al-rich metapyroxenites alternating with amphibolites and gneisses. Both occurrences are oriented parallel to the ultra-high pressure/high pressure (UHP/HP) Nestos suture zone. On central Naxos Island, colored sapphires are associated with desilicated granite pegmatites intruding ultramafic lithologies (plumasites), occurring either within the pegmatites themselves or associated metasomatic reaction zones. In contrast, on southern Naxos and Ikaria Islands, blue sapphires occur in extensional fissures within Mesozoic metabauxites hosted in marbles. Mineral inclusions in corundums are in equilibrium and/or postdate corundum crystallization and comprise : spinel and pargasite (Paranesti), spinel, zircon (Xanthi), margarite, zircon, apatite, diaspore, phlogopite and chlorite (Naxos) and chloritoid, ilmenite, hematite, ulvospinel, rutile and zircon (Ikaria). The main chromophore elements within the Greek corundums show a wide range in concentration : the Fe contents vary from (average values) 1099 ppm in the blue sapphires of Xanthi, 424 ppm in the pink sapphires of Xanthi, 2654 ppm for Paranesti rubies, 4326 ppm for the Ikaria sapphires, 3706 for southern Naxos blue sapphires, 4777 for purple and 3301 for pink sapphire from Naxos plumasite, and finally 4677 to 1532 for blue to colorless sapphires from Naxos plumasites, respectively. The Ti concentrations (average values) are very low in rubies from Paranesti (41 ppm), with values of 2871 ppm and 509 in the blue and pink sapphires of Xanthi, respectively, of 1263 ppm for the Ikaria blue sapphires, and 520 ppm, 181 ppm in Naxos purple, pink sapphires, respectively. The blue to colorless sapphires from Naxos plumasites contain 1944 to 264 ppm Ti, respectively. The very high Ti contents of the Xanthi blue sapphires may reflect submicroscopic rutile inclusions. The Cr (average values) ranges from 4 to 691 ppm in the blue, purple and pink colored corundums from Naxos plumasite, is quite fixed (222 ppm) for Ikaria sapphires, ranges from 90 to 297 ppm in the blue and pink sapphires from Xanthi, reaches 9142 ppm in the corundums of Paranesti, with highest values of 15,347 ppm in deep red colored varieties. Each occurrence has both unique mineral assemblage and trace element chemistry (with variable Fe/Mg, Ga/Mg, Ga/Cr and Fe/Ti ratios). Additionally, oxygen isotope compositions confirm their geological typology, i.e., with, respectively d18O of 4.9 +-0.2texttenthousandfor sapphire in plumasite, 20.5texttenthousandfor sapphire in marble and 1texttenthousand for ruby in mafics. The fluid inclusions study evidenced water free CO2 dominant fluids with traces of CH4 or N2, and low CO2 densities (0.46 and 0.67 g/cm3), which were probably trapped after the metamorphic peak. The Paranesti, Xanthi and central Naxos corundum deposits can be classified as metamorphic sensu stricto (s.s.) and metasomatic, respectively, those from southern Naxos and Ikaria display atypical magmatic signature indicating a hydrothermal origin. Greek corundums are characterized by wide color variation, homogeneity of the color hues, and transparency, and can be considered as potential gemstones.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang_etal2019,

title = {Fingerprinting Paranesti rubies through oxygen isotopes},

author = {K. K. Wang and I. T. Graham and L. Martin and P. Voudouris and G. Giuliani and A. Lay and S. J. Harris},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {9},

number = {91},

pages = {1--14},

abstract = {In this study, the oxygen isotope (d18O) composition of pink to red gem-quality rubies from Paranesti, Greece was investigated using in-situ secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser-fluorination techniques. Paranesti rubies have a narrow range of d18O values between 0 and +1h and represent one of only a few cases worldwide where d18O signatures can be used to distinguish them from other localities. SIMS analyses from this study and previous work by the authors suggests that the rubies formed under metamorphic/metasomatic conditions involving deeply penetrating meteoric waters along major crustal structures associated with the Nestos Shear Zone. SIMS analyses also revealed slight variations in d18O composition for two outcrops located just 500 m apart : PAR-1 with a mean value of 1.0h +- 0.42h and PAR-5 with a mean value of 0.14h +- 0.24h. This work adds to the growing use of in-situ methods to determine the origin of gem-quality corundum and re-confirms its usefulness in geographic textquotelefttextquoteleftfingerprintingtextquoterighttextquoteright.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Fallick2018,

title = {Isotope signatures of gem minerals},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Wooshin Gemological Institute of Korea},

volume = {5},

pages = {2--9},

abstract = {Natural variations in isotopic ratios for gem minerals have been reported for only five light elements namely carbon and nitrogen for diamond, oxygen for oxides, and hydrogen, oxygen and boron for silicates, and heavier elements such as copper for turquoise and sulphur for lapis-lazuli. Stable isotope geochemistry deals with isotopic variations that arise from isotope exchange reactions or mass-dependent fractionations which take place during the physical and chemical processes responsible for the formation of gems. The magnitude and temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation factors between minerals and their parental fluids permit to reconstitute the geological history of gems in terms of source of the element and origin of the fluids. Here, we will focus on some gem minerals viz diamond, ruby, sapphire, spinel, emerald, zoisite, grossular garnet and agate. We shall demonstrate by different examples that the isotopic signatures used for their identification are directly controlled by their geological history.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2018,

title = {The role of evaporites in the formation of gems during metamorphism of carbonate platforms: a review},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Dubessy and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Banks and Y. Branquet and J. Feneyrol and A. E. Fallick and J. E. Martelat},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {53},

pages = {1--20},

abstract = {The mineral and fluid inclusions trapped by gemstones during the metamorphism of carbonate platform successions are precious markers for the understanding ofgem genesis. The nature and chemical composition of inclusions highlight the major contribution of evaporites through dissolution or fusion, depending on the temperature of formation from greenschist to granulite facies. The fluidsare highly saline NaCl-brines circulating either in an open system in the greenschist facies (Colombian and Afghan emeralds) and with huge fluid-rock metasomatic interactions, or sulphurous fluids (ruby, garnet tsavorite, zoisite tanzanite and lapis-lazuli) or molten salts formed in a closed system with alow fluid mobility (ruby in marble) in the conditions of the amphibolite to granulite facies. These chloride-fluoridesulphate textpm carbonate-rich fluids scavenged the metals essential for gem formation. At high temperature, the anionsSO4 2−, NO3 −, BO3 − and F− are powerful fluxes which lower the temperature of chloride- and fluoride-rich ionic liquids. They provided transport over a very short distance of aluminium and/or silica and transition metals which are necessary for gem growth. In summary, the genetic models proposed for these high-value and ornamental gems underline the importance of the metamorphism of evaporites formed on continental carbonate shelves and emphasise the chemical power accompanyingmetamorphism at moderate to high temperatures of evaporite-rich and organic matter-rich protoliths to form gem minerals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2018_2,

title = {Fluid inclusions study of trapiche and non-trapiche rubies from the Mong Hsu deposit, Myanmar},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Dubessy and I. Pignatelli and D. Schwarz},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {56},

pages = {1--13},

abstract = {The Mong Hsu ruby deposit in Myanmar is a marble-type deposit. It is well-known for attractive crystals with dark violet/ blue to black cores and ruby rims, as well as for trapiche rubies. These exceptional rubies have a texture composed of sixgrowth sectors separated by six dendrites running from a central core to the six corners. Fluid inclusions (FI) have been studied in both types of ruby, i.e., trapiche and non-trapiche crystals. Microthermometry combined with Raman spectrometry investigations of primary and secondary FI proved the existence of CO2-H2S-COS-S8-AlO(OH)-bearing fluids with diaspore and native sulfur daughter minerals. The carbonic fluid belongs to the CO2--H2S system with CO2 as a dominant component. Minor COS (1--2 mol.%) and diaspore indicate that H2O (textasciitilde1 mol.%) was present in the paleofluid. The amount of H2S in FI from trapiche ruby is between 6.9 and 7.4 mol.% for the dendrites and from 7.2 to 15.7 mol.% for the growth sectors. The H2S content is approximately 10 mol.% in FI from non-trapiche rubies.The presence of dawsonite and previous crushing data carried out on well-cleaned crystals of non-trapiche ruby indicate that an ionic salt melt was present at the time of ruby formation. The non-detection of this melt in trapiche ruby is attributed to the small size of the remnants of molten salts, making it difficult to observe them under the microscope. Following this hypothesis, the FI assemblages in rubies would correspond to the trapping of two immiscible fluids, i.e., a carbonic phase in the CO2--H2S--COS--S8--AlO(OH)-system and molten salts. Such fluid phases are considered to be the product of metamorphism of evaporites during devolatilization of carbonates and thermal-sulfate reduction. The formation of trapiche ruby is discussed in terms of possible variations of the composition of the fluid, temperature, and pressure conditions. The variation in density of the carbonic fluids from the dendrites (0.70 , ds , 0.78) to the growth sectors(0.56 , ds , 0.68) records variation of fluid pressure in the metamorphic system. This variation led to episodically local fluid overpressure and hydraulic fracturing in the marble. During such episodes, changes in driving-force conditions allowed for the formation of the trapiche texture in ruby: the development of dendrites and growth sectors occurred under high and low drivingforce conditions, respectively. Non-trapiche ruby in veinlets formed concurrently under thermodynamic conditions similar to those registered for the growth sectors in trapiche ruby.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2018_3,

title = {Origine g\'{e}ographique des spinelles chromif`eres et vanadif`eres associ\'{e}s aux marbres dtextquoterightAsie et dtextquoterightAfrique de ltextquoterightEst},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and A. Boyce and V. Pardieu and V. L. Pham},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

number = {203},

pages = {17--25},

abstract = {Ltextquoteright\'{e}tude des spinelles chromif`eres et vanadif`eres, de couleur rose, orang\'{e} ou rouge, associ\'{e}s aux marbres de diff\'{e}rents gisements et occurrences mondiaux, a \'{e}t\'{e} r\'{e}alis\'{e}e en combinant leur composition isotopique en oxyg`ene `a leur teneur en \'{e}l\'{e}ments traces. Une premi`ere base de donn\'{e}es permet la caract\'{e}risation de ltextquoterightorigine g\'{e}ographique de spinelles historique et \'{e}conomique. Trois intervallesde valeurs du $delta$18O sont d\'{e}finis pour les spinelles des gisements primaires et des placers : (i) 5,6 `a 8,6texttenthousand pour les spinelles du gisement historique de Kuh-i-Lal au Tadjkistan; (ii) 12,1 `a 18,5texttenthousand pour les spinelles dtextquoterightAn Phu et de Cong Troi au Vietnam, et Namya au Myanmar; et (iii) 19 `a 24,2texttenthousand pour les spinelles de Paigutan au N\'{e}pal; de Kiswila et dtextquoterightIpanko en Tanzanie, de Pamreso au Kenya, de Mogok au Myanmar et dtextquoterightAn Phu. Les teneurs en \'{e}l\'{e}ments traces (Fe-Zn-Cr-V-Ti) des spinelles report\'{e}es dans de nouveaux diagrammes chimiques permettent dtextquoterightidentifier leur origine g\'{e}ographique. Les l\'{e}gers recouvrements observ\'{e}s pour certains domaines chimiques sont r\'{e}solus par ltextquoterightutilisation de la composition isotopique de ltextquoterightoxyg`ene des m^emes cristaux. La pr\'{e}sente \'{e}tude montre qutextquoterightil est possible de discriminer les spinelles gemmes associ\'{e}s aux marbres de la grande majorit\'{e} des gisements mondiaux, et apporte de nouveaux outils pour la tra\c{c}abilit\'{e} des spinelles historiques comme ceux de Kuh-i-Lal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2018_4,

title = {Emerald deposits in the 21st century},

author = {G. Giuliani and L. A. Groat and D. D. Marshall},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Incolor},

number = {40},

abstract = {Emerald is the green colored variety of beryl, the most valuable gem after diamond and ruby. The color of emerald is more important than clarity and brilliance for its valuation on the colored gem market. It shows a green color palette that is the consequence of peculiarities of its formation in contrasting environments. The present article assesses the state-of-the-art knowledge of emerald then and now,through questions regarding the crystal chemistry, pressuretemperatureconditions of crystallization, the source of the elements, i.e. beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V), their location on the planet and their age of formation through the geology of economic emerald deposits. Beyond the 21st Century, future exploration may be oriented towards creating a comprehensive database of the typology of emerald deposits for understanding why someare economic in terms of quantity and quality. These future efforts will improve exploration guidelines in the field including plate tectonics and its consequence in terms of modeling our landscape through time and within the Wilson Cycle ofcontinents.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jacob_etal2018,

title = {New P-T-X conditions for the formation of gem tsavorite garnet in the Voi area (southwestern Kenya)},

author = {J. B. Jacob and J. E. Martelat and P. Goncalves and G. Giuliani and J. L. Devidal and J. Feneyrol and E. Omito and D. IchangtextquoterightI},

doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2018.09.010},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lithos},

volume = {320-321},

pages = {250--264},

abstract = {Tsavorite nodules-bearing deposits from southwestern Kenya are located in the Kurase Group, a metasedimentary unit of the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt. This unit is composed of graphitic paragneisses intercalated with metacarbonates and metaevaporites, surrounded by migmatites. The rocks underwent high grade metamorphism at 615--600 Ma. The main goal of this work is to link tsavorite formation to the metamorphic evolution of the Kurase Group. The new thermobarometric data indicate widespread granulite facies conditions at 800 textpm 50 textdegreeC and 10 textpm 1 kbar, with no significant difference between the tsavorite bearingmetasediments and the surrounding migmatitic gneisses. Pseudosection calculation for a tsavorite bearing metasediment indicates that tsavorite grew close to peak-T conditions at around 800 textdegreeC. The tsavorite bearing formations have not melted extensively despite the high-grade metamorphism, in contrast with the surroundingmigmatites. The lack of partial melting is probably due to an enrichment in vanadium, chromium and titanium in the protoliths that have increased the stability field of micas toward high-T.We suggest that the primary source of V and Cr was the evaporite-bearing mudstones. Crystallisation of high grade V and Cr rich tsavorite occurred in a closed system with little or no strain, in the presence of molten salts and H2S-S8 fluids.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PhamV.L._etal2018,

title = {Trace elements and oxygen isotopes of gem spinels in marble from the Luc Yen ?\u{I} An Phu areas, Yen Bai province, North Vietnam},

author = {Pham V.L. and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and A. Boyce and V. Pardieu},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {40},

number = {2},

pages = {166--179},

abstract = {Trace elements investigated by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) have been combined with oxygen isotopic composition of pink, red and other colored spinels (blue, purple, brown, orange, lavender) hosted by marbles and found in placers from Luc Yen and An Phu deposits, Yen Bai province, North Vietnam. The deposits are those from Nuoc Ngap, Cong Troi, Bai Son and different placers from the An Phu area. Trace elements such as Fe-Zn-Cr-V in red and pink gem spinels permit to separate those from Cong Troi and those from the others deposits of the An Phu area. Spinels from Cong Troi have low to extremely low Zn (\< 500 ppm) and high Fe contents (3,000 to 16,000 ppm) while those from An Phu area are Zn-rich (up to 11,000 ppm). Iron is the dominant element for the other colored spinels whereas Zn, Cr and V contents are extremely variable. The Bai Son blue spinel is Fe-rich (5,000 to 7,200 ppm) with some V (950 to 1,830 ppm), Cr (270 to 480 ppm), Co (240 to 400 ppm) and Ni (550 to 950 ppm). The O-isotope composition of the whole spinels ranges between 12.1 and 24.2texttenthousand (n = 25). Within each deposit, the range of $delta$18O values for red, pink and colored spinels is usually similar. However, the red and pink spinels from An Phu present two distinct sets of $delta$18O values, respectively between 13.2 to 17.0texttenthousand (n = 7) and 22.5\<$delta$18O \< 24.2 (n = 5). Those from Cong Troi are from 14.8 to 17.7texttenthousand (n = 3) and their range overlaps that of An Phu. The use of O-isotopes is not useful for distinguishing between the deposits, but the low to extremely low Zn content of the Cong Trois spinels is a discriminant. The variation of $delta$18O values (12.1 \<$delta$18O \< 24.2texttenthousand) of the whole spinels indicates that the oxygen isotopic compositions of the metamorphic fluids were probably buffered by the local $delta$8O values of the impure host marbles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli+Giuliani2018,

title = {La texture trapiche de ltextquoteleft\'{e}meraude colombienne et du rubis birman},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

number = {144},

pages = {39--52},

abstract = {Colombian emeralds and Burmese rubies with a trapiche texture are prized by the gem traders for their beauty and rarity. However, this texture is also an important geological marker that records the variations of the physical-chemical parameters during the crystal growth. Recent scientific advances on the trapiche texture showed that its formation is due to the complex structural geology of the deposits, but also to the crystal symmetry determining the number of equivalent growth sectors in the texture.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Belley_etal2017,

title = {Origin of scapolite-hosted saphire (corundum) near Kimmirut, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada},

author = {P. M. Belley and T. J. Dzikowski and A. Fagan and J. Cempirek and L. Groat and J. K. Mortensen and M. Fayek and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and P. Gertzbein},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1700018},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {669--699},

abstract = {Gem-quality corundum (sapphire) occurs in scapolite-rich calc-silicate rock hosted in marble of the Lake Harbour Group near Kimmirut, southern Baffin Island. A deposit of blue and colorless gem corundum (Beluga occurrence) is compared to a similar calc-silicate pod generally lacking corundum but containing nepheline (Bowhead occurrence) and located 170 m to the SSW. Corundum formation was made possible by three equally important sequential metamorphic reactions : (1) formation of nepheline, diopside, and K-feldspar (inferred) at granulite facies peak metamorphic conditions ; (2) partial retrograde replacement of the peak assemblage by phlogopite, oligoclase, calcite, and scapolite (Me50--Me67) as a result of CO2-, H2O-, Cl-, F-bearing fluid influx at 1782.5 6 3.7 Ma (P-T , 720 8C, 6.2 kbar) ; and (3) retrograde breakdown of scapolite þ nepheline (with CO2- and H2O-bearing fluid) to form albite, muscovite, corundum, and calcite. Late, lowtemperature zeolite mineralization is common in corundum-bearing zones. Based on thermodynamic models, the corundumforming reaction only occurs in a ,100 8C window with an upper limit determined by scapolite-nepheline stability, and a lower limit determined by the formation of Al-silicate rather than corundum. The protolith is inferred to be dolomitic argillaceous marl with no evidence to suggest the initial presence of evaporites. The enrichment of trace metals V and Cr, and the depletion of Co, Ni, and Mn, suggest reducing diagenetic conditions in the initial sediment. Beluga calc-silicate rock is strongly depleted in REE (Total REE 18 ppm). Oxy-dravite d11B (þ3.9 6 0.7%) is consistent with a marine boron source. The oxygen isotope composition of corundum (d18OVSMOWtextonequarter16.4 6 0.1%) is comparable to that of corundum in marble or desilicated pegmatite associated with marble. Phlogopite and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar ages and calculated closure temperatures (considered estimates) are ca. 1640 Ma (Tc textonequarter 455 to 515 8C) and 1510 Ma (Tc textonequarter 410 to 425 8C), respectively. In the Lake Harbour Group, the most prospective areas for gem corundum exploration are expected to be contiguous to the thrust fault separating the Lake Harbour Group and Narsajuaq terranes, where the retrograde, amphibolite facies overprint of the granulite peak assemblages was most pervasive.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feynerol_etal2017,

title = {Age and origin of the tsavorite and tanzanite mineralizing fluids in the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Metamorphic Belt},

author = {J. Feynerol and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and J. Dubessy and J. E. Martelat and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and E. Omito and D. IchangtextquoterightI and C. Nyamai and A. Wamunyu},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1600085},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {763--786},

abstract = {The genetic model previously proposed for tsavorite- (and tanzanite-) bearing mineralization hosted in the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt (stretching from Kenya through Tanzania to Madagascar) is refined on the basis of new Sm-Nd age determinations and detailed Sr-O-S isotope and fluid-inclusion studies. The deposits are hosted within meta-sedimentary series composed of quartzites, graphitic gneisses, calc-silicate rocks intercalated with meta-evaporites, and marbles. Tsavorite occurs either in nodules (also called textquotelefttextquoteleftboudinstextquoterighttextquoteright) oriented parallel to the metamorphic foliation in all of the deposits in the metamorphic belt or in quartz veins and lenses located at the hinges of anticlinal folds (Lelatema fold belt and Ruangwa deposits, Tanzania). Gem tanzanite occurs in pockets and lenses in the Lelatema fold belt of northern Tanzania. The Sm-Nd isotopic data for tsavorites and tanzanites hosted in quartz veins and lenses from Merelani demonstrate that they formed at 600 Ma, during the retrograde metamorphic episode associated with the East African Orogeny. The tsavorites hosted in nodules do not provide reliable ages : their sedimentary protoliths had heterogeneous compositions and their Sm-Nd system was not completely rehomogenized, even at the local scale, by the fluid-absent metamorphic recrystallization. The initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios of calcite from marble and tanzanites from Merelani fit with the strontium isotopic composition of Neoproterozoic marine carbonates. Seawater sediment deposition in the Mozambique Ocean took place around 720 Ma. The quartz-zoisite O-isotopic thermometer indicates a temperature of formation for zoisite between 385 and 448 8C. The sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite (between --7.8 and --1.3% V-CDT) associated with tsavorite in the Lelatema fold belt deposits suggests the contribution of reduced marine sulfate. The sulfur in pyrite in the marbles was likely derived from bacterial sulfate reduction which produced H2S. Fluid inclusion data from tsavorite and tanzanite samples from the Merelani mine indicate the presence of a dominant H2S-S86(CH4)6(N2)6(H2O)-bearing fluid. In the deposits in Kenya and Madagascar, the replacement of sulfate by tsavorite in the nodules and the boron isotopic composition of tourmaline associated with tsavorite are strong arguments in favor of the participation of evaporites in garnet formation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2017,

title = {The role of evaporites in the formation of gems during metamorphism of carbonate platforms: a review},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Dubessy and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Banks and Y. Branquet and J. Feneyrol and A. E. Fallick and J. E. Martelat},

doi = {10.1007/s00126-017-0738-4},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

abstract = {The mineral and fluid inclusions trapped by gemstones during the metamorphism of carbonate platform successions are precious markers for the understanding ofgem genesis. The nature and chemical composition of inclusions highlight the major contribution of evaporites through dissolution or fusion, depending on the temperature of formation from greenschist to granulite facies. The fluids are highly saline NaCl-brines circulating either in an open system in the greenschist facies (Colombian and Afghan emeralds) and with huge fluid-rock metasomatic interactions, or sulphurous fluids (ruby, garnet tsavorite, zoisite tanzanite and lapis-lazuli) or molten salts formed in a closed system with a low fluid mobility (ruby in marble) in the conditions of the amphibolite to granulite facies. These chloride-fluoridesulphate textpm carbonate-rich fluids scavenged the metals essential for gem formation. At high temperature, the anions SO4 2−, NO3 −, BO3 − and F− are powerful fluxes which lower the temperature of chloride- and fluoride-rich ionic liquids. They provided transport over a very short distance of aluminium and/or silica and transition metals which are necessary for gem growth. In summary, the genetic models proposed for these high-value and ornamental gems underline the importance of the metamorphism of evaporites formed on continental carbonate shelves and emphasise the chemical power accompanying metamorphism at moderate to high temperatures of evaporite-rich and organic matter-rich protoliths to form gem minerals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2017_2,

title = {Pink and red spinels in marble : Trace elements, oxygen isotopes, and sources},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and A. Boyce and V. Pardieu and Pham V.L.},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1700009},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {743--761},

abstract = {The oxygen isotopic composition of pink to red and other colored spinels hosted by marbles worldwide have been combined with trace elements investigated by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). For the first time, this database enables the characterization of the geographic origin of the main productive and historical sources of gem spinel. Three consistent sets of d18O values were found for primary and placer deposits : (1) between 5.6 and 8.6% for the historical Kuh-i-Lal spinels from Tajikistan ; (2) from 12.1 to 18.5% for spinels from An Phu and Cong Troi in Vietnam, and Namya from Myanmar ; and (3) between 19.0 and 24.2% for spinels from Paigutan in Nepal, Kiswila and Ipanko in Tanzania, Pamreso in Kenya, Mogok in Myanmar, and An Phu in Vietnam. The variation in the d18O values for most of the deposits can be related to the buffering of the metamorphic fluids by the oxygen isotope composition of the impure marbles. The d18O values of Kuh-i-Lal spinels result from a metasomatic skarn process between granitic intrusives and marble. Trace elements, such as Fe-Zn-Cr-V-Ti, presented in various new chemical discrimination diagrams allow for the differentiation of all the pink to red spinels. The slight overlaps observed for some chemical domains can be resolved by combination with the O-isotope composition of spinel. The present study shows that it is possible to discriminate gem spinels hosted by marbles from different geographic regions of the world and provides new insights into the traceability of historical spinels such as those from Kuh-i-Lal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2017_3,

title = {Gem andradite garnet deposits demantoid variety},

author = {G. Giuliani and I. Pignatelli and A. Fallick and A. Boyce and A. Andriamamonjy and S. Razafindratsimba and T. Khan},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Incolor},

number = {36},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lake_etal2017,

title = {Genesis of emerald-bearing quartz veins assocated with the Lened w-skarn mineralization, Northwest territories, Canada},

author = {D. J. Lake and L. A. Groat and H. Falck and T. Mulja and J. Cempirek and D. Kontak and D. Marshall and G. Giuliani and M. Fayek},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1700025},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {561--593},

abstract = {Emerald at the Lened occurrence in the western Northwest Territories is hosted by quartz veins cutting skarn near the Lened granite pluton and older Selwyn Basin strata. Euhedral beryl crystals (,0.535 cm) are present in approximately half of the 26 outcropping veins. Most of the crystals are opaque to translucent and colorless to yellowish and grassy green. Less than 5% of the beryl is transparent, bluish green, and can be considered pale emerald. Using field relationships, Ar-Ar dating, whole-rock geochemistry, stable isotopes (O, H, C, and B), and mineral chemistry, the sources of the emerald-forming fluids and chromophores have been assessed ; the results clearly show that the ca. 100 Ma (Ar-Ar muscovite) Lened emerald occurrence is a Type I (igneous) skarn-hosted emerald deposit related to the proximal ca. 100 Ma (Ar-Ar biotite) Lened pluton. Beryllium and other incompatible elements (i.e.,W, Sn, Li, B, and F) in the emerald, vein minerals, and surrounding skarn were derived during the terminal stages of crystallization of the proximal Lened pluton. Decarbonation during pyroxene-garnet skarn formation in the host carbonate rocks probably caused local overpressuring and fracturing that allowed ingress of magmatic-derived fluids and formation of quartz-calcite-beryl-scheelite-tourmaline-pyrite veins. Channel-water dD values in emerald are depleted and range between --87.4% and --62%, similar to other granite-related emerald occurrences. The calculated d18OH2O for the vein fluid ( 10%, vein quartz, 350 8C) is compatible with a peraluminous granitic fluid source. The calculated d18OH2O of granite-derived fluids ( 12% ; magmatic quartz, 600--700 8C) is slightly isotopically heavier than the vein fluid, which can be explained by fractionation during vein crystallization or mixing with 18O-depleted meteoric fluid. The d11B values of accessory dravite in the emerald veins averages --4.9 6 0.3% (1r, ntextonequarter10), which is compatible with a magmatic source, and the Al-Fe-Mg composition is that of tourmaline formed in sedimentary environments, with Mg likely derived from metasomatism of local marine carbonates. The vein fluid was largely igneous in origin, but the dominant emerald chromophore V (emerald veintextonequarteravg.1560 ppm V versus 75 ppm Cr) was mobilized by metasomatism of V-rich sedimentary rocks (avg. 2000 ppm V) that underlie the emerald occurrence. Lened is a unique igneous skarn-hosted emerald occurrence that contributes to the understanding of emerald deposits and emerald exploration criteria in Canada and globally.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Martelat_etal2017,

title = {Chronological constraints on tsavorite mineralizations and related metamorphic episodes in Southeast Kenya},

author = {J. E. Martelat and J. L. Paquette and V. Bosse and G. Giuliani and P. Moni\'{e} and E. Omito and C. Simonet and D. Ohnenstetter and D. IchangtextquoterightI and C. Nyamai and A. Wamunyu},

doi = {10.3749/canmin.170001},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {845--865},

abstract = {Tsavorite is exclusively hosted in the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt (NMMB). The gemstone mines, widespread between Kalalani (Tanzania) and Mgama Ridge (Kenya), define a continuous corridor over a hundred kilometers in length. The tsavorite is hosted by a metasedimentary sequence defined as the Kurase tsavorite-bearing metasediments (Kurase-TB metasediments) that also hosts rubies. These metasediments underwent amphibolite-facies metamorphism and aresurrounded by granulitic gneisses that are also of sedimentary origin (the Kurase high-temperature gneisses). All these rocks lie below the Kasigau Group, a unit dominated by granulite-facies metamagmatic rocks.To constrain the timing of events that led to this peculiar occurrence of tsavorite, we have performed geochronological analyses of thin sections and of separated grains of zircon, monazite, and rutile using LA-ICP-MS and ID-TIMS, as well as 40Ar/39Ar of muscovite and phlogopite from various lithologies. The results show that the different terranes were metamorphosed synchronously between 620--580 Ma but under different P-T strain conditions. The Kurase-HT gneisses and the rocks from the Kasigau Group are highly strained and underwent granulite-facies metamorphism with abundant partial melting and emplacement of felsic melts between 620 and 600 Ma. Textural observations also underlined a late regional water flux controlling the occurrence of V-free muscovite and monazite mineralizations at 585 Ma. The latter event can be related to the activity of the Galana shear zone, in the east. The Kurase-TB metasediments escaped strain and partial melting. They record amphibolite-facies conditions with static heating, since initial sedimentary structures were locally preserved. The age of thetsavorite mineralization was inferred at 600 Ma from metamorphic zircon rims and monazite from the closest host-rocks, sampled in the mines. Hence, tsavorite crystallization occurred statically at the end of the metamorphic event, probably when the temperature and the amount of volatiles were at maximum levels.Conversely, the ruby formed by local metasomatism of felsic dikes and isolated ultramafic bodies. The rubies are older and zircons and monazites from a ruby-bearing felsic dike (plumasite) were dated at 615 Ma. Finally, data from rutile and micas indicate a global cooling below 430 8C of the whole region between 510 and 500 Ma.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli_etal2017,

title = {Recent advances in understanding the similarities and differences of Colombian euclases},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and C. Morlot and O. Rouer and N. Claiser and P. Y. Chatagnier and D. Goubert},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1700011},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {799--820},

abstract = {Colombian euclase is rare and associated with emerald in medium-temperature hydrothermal veins hosted by Lower Cretaceous black shales (BS). The original sources of euclase production were the mining districts of Gachalatextasciiacute and Chivor in the eastern emerald belt, but in 2016 euclases were also found at the La Marina mine in the western emerald belt. The present study is centered on a chemical and mineralogical examination of zoned Colombian euclase sold on the gem market as textquotelefttextquotelefttrapichetextquoterighttextquoteright. Its texture is characterized by growth bands and sectors distinguished by the presence of numerous inclusions (mainly pyrite, carbonates, and organic matter) which represent around 0.2% of the total volume of the crystals. Xray computed tomography showed that the largest inclusions are randomly located, whereas the small inclusions are concentrated in the center of the crystals, along the crystallographic b axis, between neighboring growth sectors and between growth bands in each sector. The texture cannot be defined as textquotelefttextquotelefttrapichetextquoterighttextquoteright, like that of Colombian emeralds, because there is no matrix material from the surrounding BS trapped between the growth sectors and accumulated as dendrites. Three-phase fluid inclusions (FI) containing halite, liquid, and vapor phases are also observed in the euclase, and their volume is identical to that of the inclusions in emerald. Chromium and vanadium are the main chromophores, and the highest concentrations (1240 and 400 ppm, respectively) were found in deep blue-colored zones. Surprisingly, the euclase crystals have high Ge contents, between 230 and 530 ppm. The Rare Earth Element (REE) patterns of euclase are inherited from the enclosed BS or albitized and carbonatized BS. Euclase has the same REE pattern as emerald from the Gachalatextasciiacute mines with an Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.40) and a depletion in Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE). The present study allows for the reconstruction of the formation conditions of textquotelefttextquotelefttrapichetextquoterighttextquoteright euclase and discussion about its probable geographic origin, i.e., the eastern emerald belt.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Salvi_etal2017,

title = {Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on the formation of the Ianapera emerald deposit, Southern Madagascar},

author = {S. Salvi and G. Giuliani and R. Andrianjakavah and B. Moine and D. Beziat and A. E. Fallick},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1700017},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {619--650},

abstract = {The Ianapera emerald deposit is hosted in the Neoproterozoic Vohibory domain of southern Madagascar, within a tightly folded metamorphic sequence of mafic and ultramafic rocks (M-UMR), gneiss, and marble, a few kilometers north of the major tectonic break known as the Ianapera-Ampanihy Suture. Late-collisional metaluminous to peraluminous felsic intrusions outcrop in the area. Emerald occurs mostly within metasomatic phlogopitite and quartz-tourmaline veins, developed within lenses of MUMR. Recent work recognized granitic pegmatites as the source of the emerald-forming fluids, leading to the classification of proximal and distal mineralization styles, based on whether or not pegmatites are associated with the phlogopitite, respectively (Andrianjakavah et al. 2009). Considerations of the chemistry of tourmaline and scapolite associated with emerald and beryl, data from fluid and solid inclusions in these minerals, thermodynamic calculations, and mineral thermobarometric data confirm that Be originated from the pegmatites, transported in a moderately saline aqueous fluid that exsolved at about 600 to 680 8C and 4--6 kbars. This fluid was enriched in alkali elements, incompatible elements and dissolved sulfur, and produced the proximal mineralization. Migration along fractures caused loss of at least part of the pegmatitic elements and local mixing with a metamorphic CO2-rich fluid, leading to the more distal mineralization at somewhat lower temperatures (520 to 650 8C). Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes were measured from beryl and emerald ; the data corroborate a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the mineralization and a common source for proximal and distal fluids. The calculated d18OH2O of 12.5% at 520 8C for the distal emerald and the dDH2O range measured from the channel of the emerald samples fit within the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic range of values defined for peraluminous granitic magmatism. The occurrence of a distal style of emerald mineralization such as typified by Ianapera suggests that metamorphic origin models for similar occurrences worldwide should be taken with care and possibly reconsidered in terms of source and origin of fluids and metals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang_etal2017,

title = {The origin of a new pargasite-schist hosted ruby deposit from Paranesti, Northern Greece},

author = {K. K. Wang and I. T. Graham and A. Lay and S. J. Harris and D. R. Cohen and P. Voudouris and E. Belousova and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and A. Greig},

doi = {DOI:10.3749/canmin.1700014},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {55},

pages = {535--560},

abstract = {Gem-quality (cabochon) ruby-bearing occurrences (here termed PAR-1 and PAR-5) located near Paranesti, north eastern Greece have been systematically studied for the first time in this paper. Tectonically, the occurrences are located within the Nestos Shear Zone (NSZ). The NSZ separates two distinct geological units. The Rhodope Terrane is a heterogeneous unit of gneisses, mafic, ultramafic, and meta-sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall. The footwall Pangaion-Pirin Complex consists of marbles and acid gneisses of a Mesozoic carbonate platform on pre-Mesozoic continental basement. In this paper, a range of petrographic and geochemical techniques were used to determine (1) any similarities and differences to other mafic-ultramafic hosted ruby deposits worldwide ; (2) distinctive geochemical fingerprints for Paranesti ; and (3) the likely P-T conditions of formation. Detailed petrographic and whole-rock analyses utilizing ICP-MS, XRF, and XRD have found the Paranesti corundum to be of a mafic/ultramafic protolith with approximately 40 wt.% SiO2, 16 wt.% Mg, 11000 ppm Cr, and 440 ppm Ni. EMPA major element analysis determined the mineral inclusions within the corundum grains to be picotite and hercynite spinels. Pargasite is the dominant amphibole within the corundum-bearing amphibole schist host. The surrounding non-corundum bearing chlorite schist mainly comprises clinochlore. Petrographic examination of the mineral assemblages within the corundum-bearing schists revealed strong fracturing and alignment (parallel to the main regional foliation) of the corundum grains and margarite reaction rims around the corundum. The surrounding non-corundum amphibolites also contain anorthite, along with relict sillimanite, kyanite, and chlorite/muscovite/epidote overprinting. Detailed LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis of the color range of corundum from the two occurrences showed the corundum to be mainly of metamorphic origin, though pale rubies from PAR-5 suggest some metasomatic influence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2016,

title = {Classification g\'{e}ologique des gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude},

author = {G. Giuliani and Y. Branquet and A. E. Fallick and L. A. Groat and D. Marshall},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

number = {196},

abstract = {Emerald is rare worldwide and only primary deposits are known. Geologically, three contrasting environments host emerald deposits : magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic. Several models of formation for economic deposits have been proposed but the circulation of fluids is a prerequisite condition for the formation of emerald. Metasomatism due to fluid/rock interaction is the main mechanism for the extraction of beryllium, or chromium and/or vanadium in magmatic (felsic magmatic rocks), sedimentary (black shales) and metamorphic rocks (metamorphic mafic-ultramafics and sedimentary rocks). Emeralds associated with granitic intrusions (type Ma) are the most important in terms of worldwide production. Beryllium (Be) has a magmatic origin and vanadium (V) and chromium (Cr) are extracted by the mineralizing fluids from the (meta)-mafic-ultramafic and sometimes (meta)-sedimentary rocks. Emerald related to black shales in the sedimentary basin of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (type Se) result from the circulation of basinal fluids which either dissolved evaporites intercalated in black shales (Chivor zone) or were enriched in sodium chloride and sulphates by dissolution of distal evaporite levels. These fluids circulated along d\'{e}collement planes and thrust faults such as seen at the Muzo and Coscuez areas. These fluids extracted the chromophorous elements (Cr and V) and Be from the black shales. Economic emeralds related to metamorphic environments (type Me) are due to the circulation of fluids either in thrust faults or shear zones crosscutting (meta)-mafic-ultramafic rocks such as at the Santa Terezinha de Goi~as deposit in Brazil, or in metasedimentray rocks such as at the Panshir Valley in Afghanistan},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Pignatelli2016,

title = {textquotelefttextquoteleftTrapichetextquoterighttextquoteright vs textquotelefttextquotelefttrapiche-liketextquoterighttextquoteright textures in minerals},

author = {G. Giuliani and I. Pignatelli},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {InColor},

volume = {31},

pages = {45--46},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Morlot_etal2016,

title = {La tomographie `a rayons x et ses applications en gemmologie : exemples de ltextquoteright\'{e}meraude trapiche et du grenat d\'{e}manto"ide},

author = {C. Morlot and I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and J. Sterpenich and M. C. Boiron and D. Ohnenstetter and A. Andriamamonjy and J. Raoult and P. Y. Chatagnier},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

number = {198},

pages = {13--18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sutherland_etal2016,

title = {Major zircon megacryst suites of the Indo-Pacific lithospheric margin (ZIP) and their petrogenetic and regional implications},

author = {L. Sutherland and I. Graham and G. Yaxley and R. Armstrong and G. Giuliani and P. Hoskin and V. Nechaev and J. Woodhead},

doi = {10.1007/s00710-015-0421-3},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},

abstract = {Zircon megacrysts (textpm gem corundum) appear in basalt fields of Indo-Pacific origin over a 12,000 km zone (ZIP) along West Pacific continental margins. Age-dating,trace element, oxygen and hafnium isotope studies on representative zircons (East Australia--Asia) indicate diverse magmatic sources. The U--Pb (249 to 1 Ma) and zircon fission track (ZFT) ages (65 to 1 Ma) suggest thermal annealing duringlater basalt transport, with\<1 to 203 Ma gaps between the U--Pb and ZFT ages. Magmatic growth zonation and Zr/Hf ratios (0.01--0.02) suggest alkaline magmatic sources, while Ti---in---zircon thermometry suggests that most zircons crystallizedwithin ranges between 550 and 830 textdegreeC. Chondritenormalised multi-element plots show variable enrichment patterns, mostly without marked Eu depletion, indicating littleplagioclase fractionation in source melts. Key elements and ratios matched against zircons from magmatic rocks suggest a range of ultramafic to felsic source melts. Zircon O-isotope ratios ($delta$18O in the range 4 to 11texttenthousand) and initial Hf isotope ratios($epsilon$Hf in the range +2 to +14) encompass ranges for both mantle and crustal melts. Calculated Depleted Mantle (TDM0.03--0.56 Ga) and Crustal Residence (0.20--1.02 Ga) model ages suggest several mantle events, continental break-ups (Rodinia and Gondwana) and convergent margin collisions left imprints in the zircon source melts. East Australian ZIP sites reflect prolonged intraplate magmatism (textasciitilde85 Ma), often during times of fastmigrating lithosphere. In contrast, East Asian-RussianZIP sites reflect later basaltic magmatism (\<40 Ma), often linked to episodes of back-arc rifting and spreading, slow-migrating lithosphere and slab subduction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015,

title = {Demantoid garnet with giant fluid inclusions},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. C. Boiron and C. Morlot and J. Raoult and P. Y. Chatagnier},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Gems \& Gemology},

volume = {51},

pages = {446--448},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015_2,

title = {Emerald deposits around the world, their similarities and differences},

author = {G. Giuliani and Y. Branquet and A. E. Fallick and L. A. Groat and D. Marshall},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {InColor},

volume = {2015},

number = {56},

pages = {56--63},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015_3,

title = {Fluid inclusions in ruby from Asian marble deposits: genetic implications},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Dubessy and D. A. Banks and T. Lhomme and D. Ohnenstetter},

doi = {10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2442},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Mineralogy},

volume = {27},

pages = {393--404},

abstract = {Primary fluid inclusion (FI) assemblages in ruby from marble at Mogok and fifteen other deposits from central and Southeast Asia were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy and crush-leach analysis. Microthermometry combined withRaman spectroscopy investigations of primary FI in Mogok rubies indicated the simultaneous trapping of carbonic FI in the system CO2--H2S (+- COS +- S8) and multi-solid carbonic FI in the system Na--K--Ca--CO3--SO4--NO3--Cl--F +-(CO2--H2S). The multiple solids are mainly mixtures of Na-Ca-Al carbonates such as shortite and dawsonite, sulphates, phosphates, nitrates, fluorides, and chlorides such as halite. They represent the trapped recrystallised residues of molten salts formed during the metamorphism of evaporite lenses (chlorides and sulphates) intercalated in the carbonate rocks. Raman spectroscopy of solids in FI from all Asianrubies hosted in marbles identified both (i) accidentally trapped minerals mainly calcite, dolomite and rutile, and (ii) daughter phases, i.e., native sulphur, diaspore and boehmite, and Na-K-Ca chlorides, anhydrite, dawsonite, shortite and fluorides. Crush-leach analysis of ruby crystals identified chloride as the dominant anion, but sulphate and nitrate are present at only slightly lower concentrations, whereas they are the dominant species in some Pakistani deposits. The Na--K--Ca--Li--CO3--SO4--NO3--Cl--F molten salt assemblages and the presence of nitrate and phosphate indicate the deposition of the original sediments in a coastal sabkha with ephemeral marine and continental water flooding. Input of V- and Cr-bearing argillite to the salty mudflats insured the formation of rubies in marble during Cenozoic metamorphism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015_4,

title = {Les marqueurs des \'{e}vaporites dans la formation des gemmes m\'{e}tamorphiques},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Dubessy and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Banks and J. Feneyrol and Y. Branquet and A. E. Fallick},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {G\'{e}ochronique},

volume = {136},

pages = {65--69},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015_5,

title = {Pr\'{e}sence du grenat tsavorite dans les rodingites de la mine de canari ?\u{I} Haute-Corse. Nouvelles donn\'{e}es chimiques et min\'{e}ralogiques},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Feneyrol and J. C. Goujou and J. P. Barral},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Le cahier des Micromonteurs},

number = {129},

pages = {182--192},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015_6,

title = {Les gisements de rubis et de spinelle rouge de la Ceinture M\'{e}tamorphique N\'{e}oprot\'{e}rozoique Mozambicaine},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. E. Martelat and D. Ohnenstetter and J. Feneyrol and A. E. Fallick and A. Boyce},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

number = {192},

pages = {11--18},

abstract = {R\'{e}sum\'{e}La ceinture n\'{e}oprot\'{e}rozo"ique m\'{e}tamorphique mozambicaine est compos\'{e}e de reliques dtextquoterightophiolites et dtextquoterightarcs magmatiques (roches mafiques et ultramafiques), de roches m\'{e}tas\'{e}dimentaires (quartzites, gneiss p\'{e}litiques, gneiss graphiteux et marbres) dont les protolithes ont \'{e}t\'{e} d\'{e}pos\'{e}s dans des bassins de type plate-forme carbonat\'{e}e, et de cro^utes continentales remani\'{e}es. Elle a \'{e}t\'{e} d\'{e}form\'{e}e etm\'{e}tamorphis\'{e}e dans les faci`es amphibolite sup\'{e}rieur `a granulite (Ptextasciitilde 6-10 kbar et T≈ 600-850textdegreeC). Elle est marqu\'{e}e par une extraordinaire richesse et diversit\'{e} de gisements de gemmes tels le rubis et le spinelle rouge. Ces deux gemmes sont m\'{e}tamorphiques et les gisements primaires d\'{e}finissent plusieurs types g\'{e}ologiques : le rubis est associ\'{e} aux roches mafiques et/ou ultramafiques, `a desm\'{e}tapegmatites et des marbres. Le spinelle rouge ou rose se localise dans des marbres.AbstractThe Metamorphic Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt is composed of ophiolitic and magmatic arcs relics (mafic and ultramafic rocks), metasedimentary rocks (quartzites, pelitic gneisses, graphitic gneisses and marbles) which protoliths deposited within carbonated platform basins. It was deformed and metamorphosed under high amphibolite to granulite facies (Ptextasciitilde 6-10 kbar and T≈600-850textdegreeC). The Mozambique Belt is characterized by an extraordinary wealth and diversity of gems such as ruby and red spinel. The two gems are metamorphic and the primary deposits belong to several geological types: ruby is associated with mafic and/orultramafic rocks, metapegmatites and marbles while red spinel in marbles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2015_8,

title = {Geochemical and oxygen isotope signatures of mantle corundum megacrysts from the Mbuji-Mayi kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Changle alkali basalt, China},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Pivin and A. E. Fallick and D. Ohnenstetter and Y. Song and D. Demaiffe},

doi = {10.1016/j.crte.2014.12.003},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus. G\'{e}oscience},

volume = {347},

number = {1},

pages = {24--34},

abstract = {Oxygen isotope signatures of ruby and sapphire megacrysts, combined with trace-element analysis, from the Mbuji-Mayi kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Changle alkali basalt, China, provide clues to specify their origin in the deep Earth. At Mbuji-Mayi, pink sapphires have d18O values in the range 4.3 to 5.4% (N = 10) with a mean of 4.9 +- 0.4%, and rubies from 5.5 to 5.6% (N = 3). The Ga/Mg ratio of pink sapphires is between 1.9 and 3.9, and in rubies, between 0.6 and 2.6. The blue or yellow sapphires from Changle have d18O values from 4.6 to 5.2 %, with a mean of 4.9 +- 0.2% (N = 9). The Ga/Mg ratio is between 5.7 and 11.3. The homogenous isotopic composition of ruby suggests a derivation from uppermantle xenoliths (garnet lherzolite, pyroxenite) or metagabbros and/or lower crustal garnet clinopyroxenite eclogite-type xenoliths included in kimberlites. Data from the pink sapphires from Mbuji-Mayi suggest a mantle origin, but different probable protoliths: either subducted oceanic protolith transformed into eclogite with d18O values buffered to the mantle value, or clinopyroxenite protoliths in peridotite. The Changle sapphires have a mantle O-isotopesignature. They probably formed in syenitic magmas produced by low degree partial melting of a spinel lherzolite source. The kimberlite and the alkali basalt acted as gem conveyors from the upper mantle up to the surface},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatelli_etal2015,

title = {Colombian trapiche emeralds: recent advances in understanding their formation},

author = {I. Pignatelli and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Agrosi and S. Mathier and Ch. Morlot and Y. Branquet},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Gems \& Gemology},

volume = {51},

number = {3},

pages = {222--259},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sutherland_etal2015,

title = {Corundum (sapphire) and zircon relationships, Lava Plains gem fields, NE Australia: Integrated mineralogy, geochemistry, age determination, genesis and geographical typing},

author = {F. L. Sutherland and R. R. Coenraads and A. Abduriyim and S. Meffre and P. W. O. Hoskin and G. Giuliani and R. Beattie and R. Wuhrer and G. B. Sutherland},

doi = {10.1180/minmag.2015.079.3.04},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogical Magazine},

volume = {79},

number = {3},

pages = {545--581},

abstract = {Gem minerals at Lava Plains, northeast Queensland, offer further insights into mantle-crustal gemformation under young basalt fields. Combined mineralogy, U-Pb age determination, oxygen isotope and petrological data on megacrysts and meta-aluminosilicate xenoliths establish a geochemical evolution in sapphire, zircon formation between 5 to 2 Ma. Sapphire megacrysts with magmaticsignatures (Fe/Mg textasciitilde100-1000, Ga/Mg 3-18) grew with textasciitilde3 Ma micro-zircons of both mantle (d18O 4.5-5.6%) and crustal (d18O 9.5-10.1%) affinities. Zircon megacrysts (3-1 Ma) show mantle and crustal characteristics, but most grew at crustal temperatures (600-800textordmasculineC). Xenolith studies suggest hydrous silicate melts and fluids initiated from amphibolized mantle infiltrated into kyanite+sapphiregranulitic crust (800textordmasculineC, 0.7 GPa). This metasomatized the sapphire (Fe/Mg textasciitilde50-120, Ga/Mg textasciitilde3-11),left relict metastable sillimanite-corundum-quartz and produced minerals enriched in high field strength, large ion lithophile and rare earth elements. The gem suite suggests a syenitic parentage before its basaltic transport. Geographical trace-element typing of the sapphire megacrysts againstother eastern Australian sapphires suggests a phonolitic involvement.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dzikowski_etal2014,

title = {Origin of gem corundum in calcite marble: The Revelstoke occurrence in the Canadian Cordillera of British Columbia},

author = {T. J. Dzikowski and J. Cempirek and L. A. Groat and G. M. Dipple and G. Giuliani},

doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2014.03.030},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Lithos},

volume = {198-199},

pages = {281--297},

abstract = {The calcite marble-hosted gem corundum(ruby, sapphire) occurrence near Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada, occurs in theMonashee Complex of the Omineca Belt of the Canadian Cordillera. Corundum occurs in thin, folded and stretched layers with green muscovite + Ba-bearing K-feldspar + anorthite (An0.85--1) textpm phlogopitetextpmNapoorscapolite. Other silicate layers within the marble are composed of: (1) diopside + tremolite textpm quartz and (2) garnet (Alm0.7--0.5Grs0.2--0.4) + Na-rich scapolite + diopside + tremolite + Na,K-amphiboles. Non-silicate layers in themarble are either magnetite- or graphite-bearing. Predominantly pink (locally red or purple) opaque to transparent corundumcrystals have elevated Cr2O3 (≤0.21 wt.%) and variable amounts of TiO2; rare blue rims on the corundum crystals contain higher amounts of TiO2 (≤0.53 wt.%) and Fe2O3 (≤0.07 wt.%). The associated micas have elevated Cr, V, Ti, and Ba contents. Petrography of the silicate layers showthat corundumformed from muscovite at the peak of metamorphism (textasciitilde650--700 textdegreeC at 8.5--9 kbar). Because the marble is almost pure calcite (dolomite is very rare), the corundum was preserved because it did not react with dolomite to spinel + calciteduring decompression. The scapolite-bearing assemblages formed during or after decompression of the rock at textasciitilde650 textdegreeC and 4--6 kbar. Gem-quality corundum crystals formed especially on borders of the mica-feldspar layers in an assemblage with calcite. Whole rock geochemistry data show that the corundum-bearing silicate (mica-feldspar) layers formed by mechanical mixing of carbonate with the host gneiss protolith; the bulk composition of the silicate layerswas modifiedby Si and Fe depletion during prograde metamorphism. High element mobility is supported by the homogenization of $delta$18O and $delta$13C values in carbonates and silicates for themarble and silicate layers. The silicate layers and the gneiss contain elevated contents of Cr and V due to the volcanoclastic component of their protolith.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feneyrol_etal2014,

title = {New typology and origin of tsavorite},

author = {J. Feneyrol and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and B. Rondeau and E. Fritsch and A. E. Fallick and D. Ichangtextquoterighti and E. Omito},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Incolor},

volume = {26},

pages = {28--34},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feneyrol_etal2014_2,

title = {New typology and origin of tsavorite based on trace-element chemistry},

author = {J. Feneyrol and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and B. Rondeau and E. Fritsch and A. E. Fallick and D. IchangtextquoterightI and E. Omito and M. Rakotondrazafy and M. Ranatsenho and F. Lallier},

doi = {10.1127/0935-1221/2014/0026-2367},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Mineralogy},

volume = {26},

pages = {293--308},

abstract = {New electron-microprobe analyses of textquotelefttsavoritestextquoteright from the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt deposits allow the characterization of green grossular according to its trace-element chemistry (V, Cr, Mn). Five chemical types are defined: type 1, vanadian grossular with V.Cr. Mn (in atoms per formula unit); type 2, vanadian grossular with V. Mn. Cr; type 3, Mn-bearing vanadian grossular with Mn . V . Cr; type 4, Mn-bearing chromian grossular with Mn . Cr . V; and type 5, Cr- and Mn-bearing grossular with Cr . Mn . V. These types are also characterized by different absorption spectra in the ultraviolet--visible--nearinfrared. Type 1 tsavorite spectra show a total absorption below 430 nm due to the high vanadium contents. Type 2 tsavorite spectra present the classical absorption bands of V. Types 3 and 4 tsavorite spectra display additional shoulders at 407 and 408 nm due to Mn2þ, whereas spectra of Cr-bearing types 4 and 5 tsavorite show the two additional bands of Cr3þ at 697 and 701 nm. The different absorption spectra also indicate Fe2þ-Ti4þ charge transfer. We measured OHequivalent to 0.08 to 0.38 wt% eq. H2O within the structure. Concentrations of vanadium, chromium and manganese are good chemical textquotelefttextquoteleftfingerprintstextquoterighttextquoteright for determining the geographicprovenance of economic tsavorite from Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2014,

title = {Classification chimique des corindons par analyse factorielle discriminante : application `a la typologie des gisements de rubis et saphirs},

author = {G. Giuliani and G. Caumon and S. Rakotosamizanany and D. Ohnenstetter and M. Rakotondrazafy},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

number = {188},

pages = {14--21},

abstract = {R\'{e}sum\'{e}Le calcul des facteurs discriminants `a partir des concentrations en oxydes pour 918 corindons issus des principaux types de gisements primaires permet de proposer la premi`ere classification statistique qui d\'{e}termine le type de gisement le plus probable pour les corindons de gisements secondaires de type placers. La classification par analyse discriminante est appliqu\'{e}e pour les corindons associ\'{e}s aux placers basaltiques de Madagascar (placers du Nord, du Centre et de ltextquoterightEst de la grande Ile) ainsi que les gisements de rubis de la mine Rockland (ex- mine John Saul) au Kenya.AbstractCalculating the discriminant factors using oxide concentrations in 918 corundum crystals of the main primary types deposits allows us to propose for the first time a statistical classification which determines the most probable deposit-type for secondary placer corundum deposits. The classification by discriminant analysis is applied to corundum associated with the basaltic placer deposits of Madagascar (from the Northern, Central and Eastern regions) as well as the primary Rockland mine ruby deposit (ex-John Saul mine) in Kenya.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ndlec_etal2014,

title = {Incipient charnockitisation due to carbonic fluid transfer related to late Pan-African transcurrent tectonics in Madagascar; implications for mobility of Fe, Ti, REE and other elements},

author = {A. N\'{e}d\'{e}lec and D. Guillaume and C. Courn`ede and C. Durand and M. Macouin and M. Rakotondrazafy and G. Giuliani},

doi = {10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.07.005},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Journal of African Earth Sciences},

volume = {94},

pages = {86--99},

abstract = {Incipient charnockitisation of an A-type granite protolith has been recognized in a spectacular outcrop 35 km north of Antananarivo. The charnockites form structurally-controlled dark greenish patches suggesting channelized fluid transfer, during and after partial reworking of the granite coeval with theAntananarivo virgation zone (ca 560 Ma) and/or the Angavo shear zone of late-Panafrican age (ca 550 Ma). They are characterized by a significant increase of the bulk magnetic susceptibility. The granitic protolith contains quartz, perthitic alkali feldspar, high-Ti hastingsitand accessory minerals (apatite, allanite, magnetite and zircon). The charnockitic granite contains quartz, perthitic alkali feldspar and ghost (altered) orthopyroxene crystals, as well as secondary low-Ti hastingsite surrounding orthopyroxene. The large increase of magnetic susceptibility magnitudes is related to the formation of pockets of secondary magnetite, spatially associated with quartz and other accessories, such as fluorine, calcite, bastnaesite, sphalerite, Ti-oxide and (Ca, REE)fluor-carbonates, in fluid percolation zones or in reaction rims around ghost orthopyroxene. Fluid inclusions entrapped in quartz grains witness the presence of CO2-rich hydrocarbonic fluids of low salinity, that are more abundant in charnockites than in granites. It is suggested that the rocks underwent a rather long history of fluid percolation, leading to prograde and then retrogradetransformations. The corresponding metasomatic changes point to the mobility of Ti, Fe, Ca, Zn, F and REE. These changes are consistent with the CO2-rich nature of the percolating fluids.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rakotosamizanany_etal2014,

title = {Chemical and oxygen isotopic compositions, age and origin of gem corundums in Madagascar alkali basalts},

author = {S. Rakotosamizanany and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and A. E. Fallick and J. L. Paquette and M. Tiepolo},

doi = {10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.06.003},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Journal of African Earth Sciences},

volume = {94},

pages = {156--170},

abstract = {Madagascar is a large producer of gem corundum recovered from continental basaltic fields. The main mining areas are sapphire-bearing palaeoplacer deposits such as Ambondromifehy and Nosy Be in Antsiranana Province, northern Madagascar; Soamiakatra--Mandrosohasina in Antananarivo Province, central Madagascar; and Vatomandry district in Toamasina Province, eastern Madagascar. In Antananarivo Province, Soamiakatra is a primary deposit where ruby is found in metagabbro and pyroxenite xenoliths, brought-up to the upper crust by the Ankaratra volcanics. Petrographic studies indicate two different conditions of ruby formation, at the boundary of the eclogite domain (T  1100 C, P  20 kb) and granulite facies (T  1100 C, P \< 15 kb). In contrast, most of the sapphires in placer and paleoplacer have two origins: (i) differentiation of alkaline magma in chambers at the lower continental crust--mantle boundary (90% of the sapphires). They are related to syenite and anorthoclasite xenoliths in the basalts. These alkali-basalt hosts are linked with asthenosphere upwelling and E--W and N--S lithosphere thinning duringOligocene--Quaternary times. Zircons associated with the sapphires from Mandrosohasina and Ambatomainty sapphire deposits gave U--Pb ages at 7 Ma. The sapphires have low d18O values of 4.1 textpm 0.4texttenthousand (n = 8), within the range of sapphire in syenitic rocks. Chemical composition and mineral inclusions in sapphires, such as columbite-(Fe), tantalite-(Mn), pyrochlore group, samarksite group, uraninite and anorthoclase confirm their syenitic origin. (ii) metamorphic xenocrysts (10%) brought up by the same magma. Oxygen isotopic compositions of rubies from placer deposit},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Andriamamonjy_etal2013_2,

title = {Le gisement de corindons gemmes dtextquoterightAmbatomena, sud de Madagascar},

author = {A. Andriamamonjy and M. Ranatsenho and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

volume = {185},

pages = {44--52},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Barrois_etal2013,

title = {Caract\'{e}ristiques min\'{e}ralogique et chimique des d\'{e}manto"ides de Bagh Borj (Iran) et dtextquoterightAntetezambato (Madagascar) : cons\'{e}quences g\'{e}ologiques 2ndPartie, \'{e}tudes min\'{e}ralogique et chimique},

author = {O. Barrois and G. Giuliani and Y. Hafeznia and H. A. Zeenabad and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and S. Mathieu and O. Rouer},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

volume = {183},

pages = {10--15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feneyrol_etal2013,

title = {New aspects and perspectives on tsavorite deposits},

author = {J. Feneyrol and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and J. E. Martelat and P. Moni\'{e} and J. Dubessy and C. Rollion-Bard and E. Le Goff and E. Malisa and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and V. Pardieu and T. Kahn and D. Ichangtextquoterighti and E. Venance and N. R. Voarintsoa and M. Ranatsenho and C. Simonet and E. Omito and C. Nyamai and M. Saul},

doi = {10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.01.016},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Ore Geology Reviews},

volume = {53},

pages = {1--25},

abstract = {Tsavorite, the vanadian variety of green grossular, is a high value economic gemstone. It is hosted exclusively in the metasedimentary formations from the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt. The deposits are mined in Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar and other occurrences are located in Pakistan and East Antarctica. They are located within metasomatized graphitic rocks such as graphitic gneiss and calc-silicates, intercalated with meta-evaporites. Tsavorite is found as primary deposits either in nodule (type I) or in quartz vein (type II), and in placers (type III). The primary mineralizations (types I and II) are controlled by lithostratigraphy and/or structure. For the African occurrences, the protoliths of the host-rocks were deposited at the beginning of the Neoproterozoicwithin a marine coastal sabkha environment, located at the marginof the Congo--Kalahari cratons in the Mozambique Ocean. During the East African--Antarctican Orogeny, the rocks underwent high amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism and the formation of tsavorite deposits occurred between 650 and 550 Ma. The nodules of tsavorite were formed during prograde metamorphism,calcium coming from sulphates and carbonates, whereas alumina, silicates, vanadium and chromium probably came from clays and chlorite. The veins were formed during the deformation of the metasedimentary platform units which experienced shearing, leading to the formation of fault-filled veins. Metasomatism developed during retrograde metamorphism. The metasedimentary sequences are characterizedby the presence of evaporitic minerals such as gypsum and anhydrite, and scapolite. Evaporites are essential as they provide calcium and permit the mobilization of all the chemical elements for tsavorite formation. The H2S--S8 metamorphic fluids characterized in primary fluid inclusions of tsavorites and the$delta$11B values of coeval dravite confirm the evaporitic origin of the fluids. The V2O3 and Cr2O3 contents of tsavorite range respectively from 0.05 to 7.5 wt.%, while their $delta$18O values are in the range of 9.5--21.1texttenthousand. The genetic model proposed for tsavorite is metamorphic, based on chemical reactions developed betweenan initial assemblage composed of gypsum and anhydrite, carbonates and organic matter deposited in a sabkha-like sedimentary basin.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2013,

title = {Analyse du grenat du Puy B\'{e}zin},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {129},

pages = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2013,

title = {G\'{e}ologie des gisements de gemmes color\'{e}es `a forte valeur \'{e}conomique},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and L. Groat},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {G\'{e}ochronique},

volume = {128},

pages = {16--25},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Groat+Giuliani2013,

title = {Les pegmatites `a gemmes},

author = {L. Groat and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {G\'{e}ochronique},

volume = {128},

pages = {26--31},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lebocey+Giuliani2013,

title = {La spessartine du Puy B\'{e}zin, Siant-Yriex-le-D\'{e}jalat, Corr`eze},

author = {J. Lebocey and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {129},

pages = {23--30},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PhamV.L._etal2013,

title = {Update on gemstone mining in Luc Yen, Vietnam},

author = {Pham V.L. and V. Pardieu and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Gems \& Gemology},

volume = {49},

number = {4},

pages = {233--245},

abstract = {In 1987, gems were discovered in the Luc Yen area of Vietnamtextquoterights Yen Bai province. Ruby, sapphire, and spinel from primary and secondary deposits are the most valuable of these; tourmaline, gem-quality feldspar, pargasite, and humite are also mined there. As a result of this discovery, the Luc Yen district has become Vietnamtextquoterights most important gemstone-trading center over the past 30 years. The markets of Yen The, the capital of Luc Yen, offer an additional assortment of natural gems from Vietnam and elsewhere (including peridot, beryl, aquamarine, topaz, and quartz); synthetic gems are also found in these markets},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Barrois_etal2012,

title = {Caract\'{e}ristiques min\'{e}ralogique et chimique des grenats demanto"ides de Bagh Borj (Iran) et dtextquoterightAntetezambato (Madagascar) : cons\'{e}quences g\'{e}ologiques. 1re partie, cadre g\'{e}ologique},

author = {O. Barrois and G. Giuliani and Y. Hafeznia and H. A. Zeenabad and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and S. Mathieu and O. Rouer},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

volume = {182},

number = {12},

pages = {15--19},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feneyrol_etal2012,

title = {Evidence of evaporites in the genesis of the vanadian grossular textquoterighttsavoritetextquoteright deposit in Namalulu, Tanzania},

author = {J. Feneyrol and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and C. Rollion-Bard and J. L. Robert and E. P. Malisa},

doi = {10.3749/canmin.50.3.745},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {50},

pages = {745--769},

abstract = {The Namalulu tsavorite (vanadian grossular up to 0.80 wt.% V2O3) deposit in northeastern Tanzania occurs in metasomatized graphitic gneiss overlain by a dolomitic marble unit. These rocks belong to the Neoproterozoic metamorphic Mozambique Belt. The graphitic gneiss is composed of quartz, V-bearing kyanite (up to 0.4 wt.% V2O3), V-bearing muscovite (up to 1.0 wt.% V2O3), V-bearing rutile (up to 1.9 wt.% V2O3), and graphite. This rock is affected by calcic metasomatism precipitating calcite and mobilizing the elements for tsavorite crystallization in quartz-calcite veins. The dolomitic marble unit hosts an anhydrite-gypsum-dolomite lens (lens I) and a calcite-scapolite-diopside-sulfides-graphite lens (lens II). This last unit is characterized by the presence of F-bearing minerals (tremolite, phlogopite, tainiolite, titanite), with up to 9.4 wt.% F for tainiolite, and Ba-bearing minerals (feldspar, phlogopite), with up to 7.5 wt.% BaO for feldspar. Lithium (up to 2.0 wt.% Li2O) and boron (up to 110 ppm) are also present in tainiolite, as well as in F-bearing tremolite. This is the first description of metamorphic tainiolite. The protoliths of the Namalulu rocks correspond to organic-rich black shales, pure and magnesian carbonates, and evaporites. They were presumably deposited in a marine coastal sabkha located at the eastern margin of the Congo-Kalahari cratons bounded by the Mozambique Ocean during early Neoproterozoic. Tsavorite formed in the Ca-metasomatized gneiss during amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism at 5.6-6.7 kbar and 630 textpm 30 textdegreeC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2012,

title = {Les isotopes de ltextquoterightoxyg`ene, un traceur des origines g\'{e}ologique et/ou g\'{e}ographique des gemmes},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and J. Feneyrol},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

volume = {179},

number = {03},

pages = {11--18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2012_2,

title = {Geographic origin of gems linked to their geological history},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and J. Feneyrol},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Incolor},

pages = {16--27},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Groat+Giuliani2012,

title = {La g\'{e}ologie des gemmes},

author = {L. Groat and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Pour la Science},

volume = {418},

pages = {58--65},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PhamV.L._etal2012,

title = {Gemmological characteristics of spinel from Luc Yen, Yen Bai},

author = {Pham V.L. and V. Pardieu and G. Giuliani and N. Nguy Tuy^et and T. H. Pham Thi and A. Pham Duc and K. Nguyen Ngoc and V. Hoang Quang},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Tap Chi Dia Chat},

volume = {340},

pages = {29--36},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Uher_etal2012,

title = {Sapphires related to alkali basalts from the Cerov\'{a} Highlands, Western Carpathians (southern Slovakia): composition and origin},

author = {P. Uher and G. Giuliani and S. Szakall and A. Fallick and V. Strunga and T. Vaculovic and D. Ozdin and M. Greganova},

doi = {10.2478/v10096-012-0005-7},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {63},

number = {1},

pages = {71--82},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2011,

title = {La spirale du temps de ltextquoteright\'{e}meraude},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {98},

pages = {31--44},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2011,

title = {180/160 and V/Cr ratios in gem textquoterighttsavoritetextquoteright from the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt: A clue towards their origins?},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and J. Feneyrol and D. Ohnenstetter and V. Pardieu and M. Saul},

doi = {10.1007/s00126-011-0355-6},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {46},

pages = {671--676},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2011_2,

title = {State of art in the formation of high-value colored stones},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and J. Feneyrol},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Gems and Gemology},

pages = {108--110},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feneyrol_etal2010,

title = {Le district minier `a textquotelefttextquotelefttsavoritetextquoterighttextquoteright de Lemshuku, Tanzanie},

author = {J. Feneyrol and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and M. Saul and E. Saul and J. M. Saul},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

volume = {172},

pages = {11--22},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Galoisy_etal2010,

title = {The origin of coloration in garnets: An optical spectroscopic study},

author = {L. Galoisy and J. Feneyrol and A. Juhin and A. Kiratisin and G. Giuliani and G. Calas},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},

volume = {74},

pages = {A314},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2010,

title = {Historique des pierres gemmes dans ltextquoterightaire Indu-Kush-Himalaya, Himalaya-Tibet : la collision continentale Inde-Eurasie},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Soci\'{e}t\'{e} G\'{e}ologique de France},

pages = {162--163},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2010,

title = {Les gisements de corindon de France},

author = {G. Giuliani and B. Lasnier and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and G. P\'{e}g`ere},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {93},

pages = {5--22},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xue_etal2010,

title = {Conditions for Early Cretaceous Emerald Formation at Dyakou, China: Fluid Inclusion, Ar-Ar, and Stable Isotope Studies},

author = {G. Xue and D. Marshall and S. Zhang and T. D. Ullrich and T. Bishop and L. A. Groat and D. J. Thorkelson and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick},

doi = {10.1130/G31522.1},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Economic Geology},

volume = {105},

number = {2},

pages = {339--349},

abstract = {The Dyakou emerald occurrence is located in Malipo County in the province of Yunnan, southern China. The occurrence lies in the northern part of the Laojunshan-Song Chay metamorphic core complex, which is exposed in an area of approximately 2,000 km(2) and extends across the border between China and Vietnam. Emerald mineralization is hosted by pegmatite and associated quartz veins that intrude deformed Proterozoic biotite-muscovite granofels and schist. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope results from the emerald channel waters and emerald, respectively, are consistent with an igneous fluid source. The delta O-18 fractionation between emerald and quartz yields vein temperatures of 365 to 420 degrees C. Fluid inclusions indicate that the emerald precipitated from saline brines ranging from almost pure water to 10.5 mass percent NaCl equiv. Fluid inclusion isochores intersected with delta O-18 data yield pressures changing along the geothermal gradient from 1,500 to 3,300 bars. Ar-Ar geochronology of biotite and muscovite from the emerald veins yields consistent ages of 124 +/- 1 Ma. These constraints combined with field observations indicate that the Dyakou emerald deposit is consistent with the igneous-related model for emerald formation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Andrianjakavah_etal2009,

title = {Proximal and distal styles of pegmatite-related metasomatic emerald mineralization at Ianapera, southern Madagascar},

author = {P. R. Andrianjakavah and S. Salvi and D. B\'{e}ziat and M. Rakotondrazafy and G. Giuliani},

doi = {10.1007/s00126-009-0243-5},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {44},

pages = {817--835},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brand_etal2009,

title = {Emerald mineralization associated with the Mavis Lake Pegmatite group, near Dryden, Ontario},

author = {A. A. Brand and L. A. Groat and R. L. Linnen and M. I. Garland and F. W. Breaks and G. Giuliani},

doi = {10.3749/canmin.47.2.315},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {47},

pages = {315--336},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2009,

title = {Oxygen isotopes composition of sapphires from the French Massif Central: implications for the origin of gem corundum in basaltic fields},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Fallick and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Pegere},

doi = {10.1007/s00126-008-0214-2},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {44},

pages = {221--231},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rakotosamizanany_etal2009,

title = {Les gisements de saphirs et rubis associ\'{e}s aux basaltes alcalins de Madagascar : caract\'{e}ristiques g\'{e}ologiques et min\'{e}ralogiques 1`ere partie : caract\'{e}ristiques g\'{e}ologiques des gisements},

author = {S. Rakotosamizanany and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and M. Rakotondrazafy and A. E. Fallick},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

number = {169},

pages = {13--21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rakotosamizanany_etal2009_2,

title = {Les gisements de saphirs et rubis associ\'{e}s aux basaltes alcalins de Madagascar : caract\'{e}ristiques g\'{e}ologiques et min\'{e}ralogiques 2`eme partie : caract\'{e}ristiques min\'{e}ralogiques},

author = {S. Rakotosamizanany and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and M. Rakotondrazafy and A. E. Fallick},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Revue de ltextquoterightAssociation Fran\c{c}aise de Gemmologie},

volume = {170},

pages = {9--18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sutherland_etal2009,

title = {Sapphire-ruby characteristics, West Pailin, Cambodia: Clues to their origin based on trace element and O isotope analysis},

author = {F. L. Sutherland and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and M. Garland and G. Webb},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {The Australian Gemmologist},

volume = {23},

pages = {373--432},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sutherland_etal2009_2,

title = {Gem-corundum megacrysts from east Australian basalt fields: trace elements, oxygen isotopes and origins},

author = {F. L. Sutherland and K. Zaw and S. Meffre and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and I. T. Graham and G. B. Webb},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Australian Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {56},

pages = {1003--1022},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2008,

title = {Marble-hosted ruby deposits from Central and Southeast Asia: Towards a new genetic model},

author = {V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. Fallick and J. Dubessy and D. Banks and H. Q. Vinh and T. Lhomme and H. Maluski and A. P^echer and K. Bakhsh and P. Van Long and P. Trong Trinh and D. Schwarz},

doi = {10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.03.003},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Ore Geology Reviews},

volume = {34},

pages = {169--191},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2008,

title = {Karelianite and Vanadian phlogopite from the Merelani Hills gem zoisite deposits, Tanzania},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and F. Palhol and J. Feneyrol and E. Boutroy and H. De Boissezon},

doi = {10.3749/canmin.46.5.1183},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {46},

pages = {1183--1194},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2008_2,

title = {The contributions of French and Malagasy geologists and mineralogists form part of the long history of natural research in Madagascar},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. F. M. Rakotondrazafy and F. Fontan and B. Moine and G. Carlier and J. P. Lorand and B. Rondeau and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {80},

number = {Mars Avril},

pages = {5--21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Groat_etal2008,

title = {Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review},

author = {L. Groat and G. Giuliani and D. Marshall and D. Turner},

doi = {10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.09.003},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Ore Geology Reviews},

volume = {34},

pages = {87--112},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rakotondrazafy_etal2008,

title = {Gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: a review},

author = {M. Rakotondrazafy and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. E. Fallick and S. Rakotosamizanany and A. Andriamamonjy and T. Ralantoarison and M. Razanatseheno and Y. Offant and V. Garnier and H. Maluski and C. Dunaigre and D. Schwarz and V. Ratrimo},

doi = {10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.05.001},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Ore Geology Reviews},

volume = {34},

pages = {134--154},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schwarz_etal2008,

title = {Rubies and sapphires from Winza, Central Tanzania},

author = {D. Schwarz and V. Pardieu and J. M. Saul and K. Schmetzer and B. M. Laurs and G. Giuliani and L. Klemm and A. K. Malsy and E. Erel and C. Hauzenberger and G. Du Toit and A. E. Fallick and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Gems and Gemology},

volume = {44},

number = {4},

pages = {322--347},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2007,

title = {Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: relevance for their geological origin},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Fallick and M. Rakotondrazafy and D. and Ohnenstetter},

doi = {10.1007/s00126-006-0105-3},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {42},

pages = {251--270},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2007_2,

title = {The geology and genesis of gem corundum deposits},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and V. Garnier and A. E. Fallick and M. Rakotondrazafy and Schwa},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Geology of Gem Deposits},

volume = {37},

number = {Chapter 2},

pages = {23--78},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2007_3,

title = {Les gisements de corindons gemmes de Madagascar},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and M. Rakotondrazafy and A. Fallick and S. Rakotosamizanany and A. Andriamamonjy and T. and Ralantoarison},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie AFG},

number = {159},

pages = {14--28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rakotondrazafy_etal2007,

title = {Incipient charnockitisation triggered by structurally-controlled-CO2 influx in central Madagascar and magnetic implications},

author = {M. Rakotondrazafy and A. N\'{e}d\'{e}lec and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Gondwana Research},

volume = {11},

number = {4},

pages = {584--585},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Turner_etal2007,

title = {Mineralogical and geochemical study of the true blue aquamarine showing, Southern Yukon},

author = {D. Turner and L. Groat and C. Hart and J. K. Mortensen and R. L. Linnen and G. Giuliani and W. Wengzynowski},

doi = {10.2113/gscanmin.45.2.203},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {45},

number = {2},

pages = {203--227},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2006,

title = {Les gisements de rubis associ\'{e}s aux marbres de ltextquoterightAsie Centrale et du Sud-Est},

author = {V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Schwarz and A. B. Kausar},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

volume = {67},

pages = {17--46},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2006_2,

title = {Ar-Ar and U-Pb ages of marble-hosted ruby deposits from central and southeast Asia},

author = {V. Garnier and H. Maluski and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Schwarz},

doi = {10.1139/E06-005},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {43},

pages = {509--532},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ralatoarison_etal2006,

title = {Les saphirs multicolores de Sahambano et Zazafotsy, r\'{e}gion granulitique dtextquoterightLhosy, Madagascar},

author = {T. Ralatoarison and A. Andriamamonjy and Y. Offant and G. Giuliani and A. Fety and M. Rakotondrazafy and D. Schwarz and D. and Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie A.F.G.},

volume = {158},

pages = {4--13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2005,

title = {Les gisements de rubis du Pakistan et du Vi^et-Nam},

author = {V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and A. B. Kausar and V. Hoang Quang and T. Pham Trong and V. L. Pham},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie},

volume = {151},

pages = {6--12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2005_2,

title = {Basalt petrology, zircon ages and sapphire genesis from Dak Nong, southern Vietnam},

author = {V. Garnier and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and T. Phan Trong and V. Hong Quang and L. Pham Van and D. Schwarz},

doi = {10.1180/0026461056910233},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogical Magazine},

volume = {69},

number = {1},

pages = {21--38},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2005_3,

title = {Age and significance of ruby-bearing marble from the red river shear zone, Northern Vietnam},

author = {V. Garnier and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Giuliani and H. Maluski and E. Deloule and T. Phan Trong and V. Hoang Quang},

doi = {10.2113/gscanmin.43.4.1315},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {43},

number = {4},

pages = {1315--1329},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2005,

title = {Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and V. Garnier and C. France-Lanord and D. Ohnenstetter},

doi = {10.1130/G21261.1},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Geology},

volume = {33},

number = {4},

pages = {249--252},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2005_2,

title = {Les isotopes de ltextquoterightoxyg`ene, un traceur de ltextquoterightorigine g\'{e}ologique des rubis et saphirs},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. E. Fallick and V. Garnier and C. France-Lanord and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Schwarz},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie},

number = {152},

pages = {9--11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2004,

title = {Les gisements de corindon : classification et gen`ese},

author = {V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Schwarz},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

number = {55},

pages = {7--35},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2004_2,

title = {Ltextquoterightaspidolite fluor\'{e}e : r^ole des \'{e}vaporites dans la gen`ese du rubis des mabres de Nangimali (Azad-Kashmir, Pakistan)},

author = {V. Garnier and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Giuliani},

doi = {10.1016/j.crte.2004.06.008},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus. G\'{e}oscience},

volume = {336},

number = {14},

pages = {1245--1253},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2004,

title = {Du sel gemme pour les gemmes},

author = {G. Giuliani and V. Garnier and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Pour la science},

volume = {316},

pages = {10--11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lemarchand_etal2004,

title = {Le sel des rubis},

author = {F. Lemarchand and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {La Recherche},

volume = {379},

pages = {81--87},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Long_etal2004,

title = {Gemstones in Vietnam. A review},

author = {P. V. Long and G. Giuliani and V. Garnier and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Australian Gemmologist},

volume = {22},

pages = {162--168},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Long_etal2004_2,

title = {Marble-hosted ruby from Vietnam},

author = {P. V. Long and H. Q. Vinh and V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Canadian Gemmologist},

volume = {25},

number = {3},

pages = {83--95},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Long_etal2004_3,

title = {Gem corundum deposits in Vietnam},

author = {P. V. Long and H. Q. Vinh and V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and D. Ohnenstetter and T. Lhomme and D. Shwarz and A. Fallick and J. Dubessy and P. T. Trinh},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Gemmology},

volume = {29},

number = {3},

pages = {129--147},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marshall_etal2004,

title = {The Lened emerald prospect, Northwest territories, Canada: insights from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes, with implications for Northern Cordilleran emerald},

author = {D. D. Marshall and L. A. Groat and H. Falck and G. Giuliani and H. Neufeld},

doi = {10.2113/gscanmin.42.5.1523},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {42},

number = {5},

pages = {1523--1540},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fritsch_etal2003,

title = {Le nouveau traitement produisant des couleurs orange `a jaune dans les saphirs},

author = {E. Fritsch and J. P. Chalain and H. H\"{a}nni and B. Devouard and G. Chazot and G. Giuliani and D. Schwarz and C. Rollion-Bard and V. Garnier and S. Barda and D. Ohnenstetter and F. Notari and P. Mairallet},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie},

number = {147},

pages = {11--23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2003,

title = {CO2-H2S-COS-S8-A10(OH)-bearing fluid inclusions in ruby from marble-hosted deposits in Luc Yen area, North Vietnam},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Dubessy and D. Banks and H. Q. Vinh and T. Lhomme and J. Pironon and V. Garnier and P. T. Trinh and P. V. Lonf and D. Ohnenstetter and D. Schwarz},

doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00276-0},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {194},

pages = {167--185},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marshall_etal2003,

title = {Pressure, temperature and fluid conditions during emerald precipitation, southeastern Yukon, Canada: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence},

author = {D. Marshall and L. Groat and G. Giuliani and D. Murphy and D. Mattey and T. S. Ercif and M. A. Wise and W. Wengzynowski and W. D. Eaton},

doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00277-2},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {194},

pages = {187--199},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pcher_etal2003,

title = {Geology, geochemistry and Ar-Ar geochronology of the Nangimali ruby deposit, Nanga Parbat Himalaya (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan)},

author = {A. P^echer and G. Giuliani and V. Garnier and H. Maluski and A. B. Kausar and R. H. Malik and H. R. Muntaz},

doi = {10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00041-X},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Asian Earth Sciences},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {265--282},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rondeau_etal2003,

title = {La mine de Piteiras, Minas Gerais, nouvelle source dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude de belle qualit\'{e} au Br\'{e}sil},

author = {B. Rondeau and F. Notari and G. Giuliani and J. C. Michelou and S. Martins and E. Fritsch and A. Respinger},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie},

number = {148},

pages = {9--25},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Branquet_etal2002,

title = {Andean deformation and rift inversion, eastern edge of Cordillera Oriental (Guateque-Medina area), Colombia},

author = {Y. Branquet and A. Cheilletz and P. R. Cobbold and P. Barbey and B. Laumonier and G. Giuliani},

doi = {10.1016/S0895-9811(02)00063-9},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Journal of South American Earth Sciences},

volume = {15},

pages = {391--407},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2002,

title = {Ar-Ar ages in phlogopites from marble-hosted ruby deposits in northern Vietnam: evidence for Cenozoic ruby formation},

author = {V. Garnier and G. Giuliani and H. Maluski and D. Ohnenstetter and T. P. Trong and V. H. Quang and L. P. Van and T. V. Van and D. Schwarz},

doi = {10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00063-3},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {188},

number = {1-2},

pages = {33--49},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garnier_etal2002_2,

title = {Trace-element contents and cathodoluminescence of textquotelefttextquotelefttrapichetextquoterighttextquoteright rubies from Mong Hsu, Myanmar (Burma): geological signifiance},

author = {V. Garnier and D. Ohnenstetter and G. Giuliani and P. Blanc and D. Schwarz},

doi = {10.1007/s007100200040},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},

volume = {76},

pages = {179--193},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani2002_2,

title = {Gastropodes dtextquoteright\'{e}meraudes},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Pour la science},

volume = {300},

number = {10},

pages = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Groat_etal2002,

title = {Mineralogical and geochemical study of the Regal Ridge emerald showing, southeastern Yukon},

author = {L. A. Groat and D. D. Marshall and G. Giuliani and D. C. Murphy and S. J. Piercey and J. L. Jambor and J. K. and Mortensen},

doi = {10.2113/gscanmin.40.5.1313},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {40},

number = {5},

pages = {1313--1338},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vuillet_etal2002,

title = {Les \'{e}meraudes de Gachal\'{a}, Colombie : historique, gen`ese et d\'{e}couvertes pal\'{e}ontologiques},

author = {P. Vuillet and G. Giuliani and J. C. Fischer and P. J. Chiappero},

issn = {1259-4415},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Le R`egne Min\'{e}ral},

number = {46},

pages = {5--18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2001,

title = {La route des \'{e}meraudes},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Chaussidon and M. Heuz\'{e}},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Scientific American (version japonaise)},

volume = {5},

pages = {86--95},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pcher_etal2001,

title = {Geology and geochemistry of the Nangimali ruby deposit area, Nanga-Parbat Himalaya (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan)},

author = {A. P^echer and G. Giuliani and V. Garnier and H. Maluski and A. B. Kausar and R. M. Malik and H. R. Muntaz},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Asian Earth Sciences},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {267--284},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schwarz+Giuliani2001,

title = {Emerald deposits ?\u{I} A review},

author = {D. Schwarz and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Australian Gemmologist},

volume = {21},

pages = {17--23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Banks_etal2000,

title = {Emerald mineralisation in Colombia : fluid chemistry and the role of brine mixing},

author = {D. A. Banks and G. Giuliani and B. W. D. Yardley and A. Cheilletz},

doi = {10.1007/s001260050273},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {35},

pages = {699--713},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fortes_etal2000,

title = {Au-Ag ratio variation at Mina III, Mina Nova and Mina inglesa gold deposits, Crixas greenstone belt, Brazil},

author = {P. T. F. O. Fortes and R. F. Coelho and G. Giuliani},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Revista Brasileira de Geoci^encias},

volume = {30},

pages = {449--460},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2000,

title = {Oxygen isotopes and emerald trade routes since the Antiquity},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Chaussidon and H. J. Schubnel and D. H. Piat and C. Rollion-Bard and C. France-Lanord and D. Giard and D. De Narvaez and B. Rondeau},

doi = {10.1126/science.287.5453.631},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Science},

volume = {287},

number = {5453},

pages = {631--633},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2000_2,

title = {Sulfate reduction by organic matter in Colombian emerald deposits : chemical and stable isotope (C, O, H) evidence},

author = {G. Giuliani and C. France-Lanord and A. Cheilletz and P. Coget and B. Branquet and B. Laumonier},

doi = {10.2113/95.5.1129},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Economic Geology},

volume = {95},

number = {5},

pages = {1129--1154},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal2000_3,

title = {La route des \'{e}meraudes},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Heuz\'{e} and M. Chaussidon},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Pour la science},

number = {277},

pages = {58--65},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Branquet_etal1999,

title = {Fluidized hydrothermal breccia in dilatant faults during thrusting : the Colombian emerald deposits},

author = {Y. Branquet and A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani and B. Laumonier and O. Blanco},

doi = {10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027\<0597:EITECO\>2.3.CO;2},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Geological Society of London Special Publication},

volume = {155},

pages = {183--195},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Branquet_etal1999_2,

title = {Emeralds in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia : two tectonic settings for one mineralization},

author = {Y. Branquet and B. Laumonier and A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Geology},

volume = {27},

number = {7},

pages = {597--600},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1999,

title = {Geoquimica y origen de los depositos de esmeraldas en Colombia},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Chaussidon and C. Arboleda and F. Rueda and V. Carrillo and S. M. F. Sheppard},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Bolet\'{i}n de Geolog\'{i}a},

volume = {21},

number = {36},

pages = {7--13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1999_2,

title = {Application de ltextquoterightanalyse isotopique par spectrom\'{e}trie de masse et sonde ionique de ltextquoterightoxyg`ene des \'{e}meraudes naturelles},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Chaussidon and C. France-Lanord and C. Rollion-Bard and D. Mangin and P. Coget},

doi = {10.1051/analusis:1999270203},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Analusis},

volume = {27},

number = {3},

pages = {203--206},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1999_3,

title = {Historique des gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude et identification des \'{e}meraudes anciennes (1`ere partie)},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Chaussidon and H. J. Schubnel and D. H. Piat and C. Rollion-Bard and C. France-Lanord and D. Giard and D. Narvaez and B. Rondeau},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie},

number = {138-139},

pages = {22--23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1999_4,

title = {Historique des gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude et identification des \'{e}meraudes anciennes (2`eme partie)},

author = {G. Giuliani and M. Chaussidon and H. J. Schubnel and D. H. Piat and C. Rollion-Bard and C. France-Lanord and D. Giard and D. Narvaez and B. Rondeau},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Revue de Gemmologie},

number = {138-139},

pages = {32--35},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{HoangQuang_etal1999,

title = {Origin of ruby formation in Yen Bai Province},

author = {V. Hoang Quang and G. Giuliani and T. Phan Trong and C. France-Lanord and P. Coget and L. Phan Van},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Geology},

volume = {S\'{e}ries B},

number = {13-14},

pages = {118--123},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PhanTrong_etal1999,

title = {Geodynamic role in ruby formation in the Red River shear zone and surrounding areas},

author = {T. Phan Trong and V. Hoang Quang and G. Giuliani and P. Leloup and R. Lacassin and P. V. Long},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Geology},

volume = {S\'{e}ries B},

number = {13-14},

pages = {144--146},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1998,

title = {Oxygen isotope systematics of emerald : relevance for its origin and geological significance},

author = {G. Giuliani and C. France-Lanord and P. Coget and D. Schwarz and A. Cheilletz and Y. Branquet and F. Giard and A. Martin-Yzard and P. Alexandrov and D. H. Piat},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {33},

pages = {513--519},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cheilletz+Giuliani1997,

title = {Comment se forment les \'{e}meraudes. Caract\'{e}riser la g\'{e}ologie des gisements pour mieux distinguer les vraies des fausses},

author = {A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {La Recherche},

volume = {303},

pages = {48--52},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cheilletz_etal1997,

title = {Datation K-Ar et 40Ar/39Ar `a 65 + 3Ma des gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude du district de Chivor-Macanal : argument en faveur dtextquoterightune d\'{e}formation pr\'{e}coce dans la Cordill`ere orientale de Colombie},

author = {A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani and Y. Branquet and B. Laumonier and M. Sanchez and G. F\'{e}raud and T. Arhan},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences, s\'{e}rie II},

volume = {324},

pages = {369--377},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fortes_etal1997,

title = {A Brasiliano Age (500+ 5 Ma) for the Mina III gold deposit, Crix\'{a}s Greeenstone Belt, Central Brazil},

author = {P. T. F. O. Fortes and A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani and G. F\'{e}raud},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {International Geology Review},

volume = {39},

pages = {449--460},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1997,

title = {Les gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude du Br\'{e}sil : gen`ese et typologie},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Cheilletz and J. L. Zimmermann and A. M. Ribeiro-Althoff and C. France-Lanord and G. F\'{e}raud},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Chronique de la recherche mini`ere},

volume = {526},

pages = {17--61},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1997_2,

title = {Fluid composition, dD of channel H2O, and d18O of lattice oxygen in beryls : Genetic implications for Brazilian, Colombian, and Afghanistani emerald deposits},

author = {G. Giuliani and C. France-Lanord and J. L. Zimmermann and A. Cheilletz and C. Arboleda and B. Charoy and P. Coget and F. Fontan and D. Giard},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {International Geology Review},

volume = {39},

pages = {400--424},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ribeiro-Althoff_etal1997,

title = {40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar geochronological evidence for two periods (2 Ga and 650 to 500Ma) of emerald formation in Brazil},

author = {A. M. Ribeiro-Althoff and A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani and G. F\'{e}raud and G. Barbosa Camacho and J. L. Zimmermann},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {International Geology Review},

volume = {39},

pages = {924--937},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zimmermann_etal1997,

title = {Mineralogical significance of fluids in channels of Colombian emeralds : a mass-spectrometry study},

author = {J. L. Zimmermann and G. Giuliani and A. Cheilletz and C. Arboleda},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {International Geology Review},

volume = {39},

pages = {425--437},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cheilletz+Giuliani1996,

title = {The genesis of Colombian emeralds : a restatement},

author = {A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {31},

pages = {359--364},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Laumonier_etal1996,

title = {Mise en \'{e}vidence dtextquoterightune tectonique compressive Eoc`ene-Oligoc`ene dans ltextquoterightouest de la Cordill`ere orientale de Colombie, dtextquoterightapr`es la structure en duplex des gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude de Muzo et de Coscuez},

author = {B. Laumonier and Y. Branquet and B. Lop`es and A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani and F. Rueda},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences, s\'{e}rie II},

volume = {323},

pages = {705--712},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Michel+Giuliani1996,

title = {Habit and composition of gold grains in quartz veins from Greenstone belts : implications for mechanisms of precipitation of gold},

author = {D. Michel and G. Giuliani},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {34},

pages = {513--528},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fortes+Giuliani1995,

title = {Les phases fluides associ\'{e}es aux corps sulfur\'{e}s du gisement dtextquoterightor Mina III, ceinture de roches vertes de Crix\'{a}s, Etat de Goi\'{a}s, Br\'{e}sil},

author = {P. T. F. O. Fortes and G. Giuliani},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences, s\'{e}rie II},

volume = {320},

pages = {1171--1178},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1995,

title = {An evaporitic origin of the parent brines of Colombian emeralds : fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope evidence},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Cheilletz and C. Arboleda and V. Carrillo and F. Rueda and J. H. Baker},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Mineralogy},

volume = {7},

pages = {151--165},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1994,

title = {K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar evidence for a transamazonian Age (2030-1970 Ma) for the granites and emerald-bearing K-metasomatites from Campo-Formoso and Carnaiba (Bahia, Brazil)},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. L. Zimmermann and R. Montigny},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-01-01},

journal = {Journal of South American Earth Sciences},

volume = {7},

number = {2},

pages = {149--165},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Michel_etal1994,

title = {As growth banding and the presence of Au in pyrites from the Santa Rita gold vein deposit hosted in Proterozoic metasediments, Goi\'{a}s State, Brazil},

author = {D. Michel and G. Giuliani and G. R. Olivo and O. J. Marini},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-01-01},

journal = {Economic Geology},

volume = {89},

pages = {193--200},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Michel_etal1994_2,

title = {Multistage gold deposition in the Archaean Maria L\'{a}zara gold deposits (Goi\'{a}s, Brazil)},

author = {D. Michel and G. Giuliani and G. M. Pultz and H. Jost},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {29},

pages = {94--97},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ronchi_etal1994,

title = {Caracteriza\c{c}~ao f\'{i}sico-qu\'{i}mica dos fluidos associados aos veios de quartzo aur\'{i}feros de Costa Sena-MG},

author = {L. H. Ronchi and G. Giuliani and C. Beny and A. C. C. Foga\c{c}a},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-01-01},

journal = {Revista Brasileira de Geoci^encias},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {129--138},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1993,

title = {The Santa Rita gold deposit in the Proterozoic Parano\'{a} Group, Goi\'{a}s, Brazil : an example of fluid mixing during ore deposition},

author = {G. Giuliani and G. R. Olivo and O. J. Marini and D. Michel},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

journal = {Ore Geology Reviews},

volume = {8},

pages = {503--523},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pultz_etal1993,

title = {Evid^encias mineral\'{o}gicas e estruturais da percola\c{c}~ao epis\'{o}dica de fluidos hidrotermais no dep\'{o}sito aur\'{i}fero Maria Laz\'{a}ra, Goi\'{a}s},

author = {G. M. Pultz and J. Hardy and G. Giuliani and D. Michel},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

journal = {Anais da Academia brasileira de Ciencias},

volume = {65},

pages = {19--28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1992,

title = {Contribution de ltextquoteright\'{e}tude des phases fluides et de la GI 18O/16O, 13C/12C `a la gen`ese des gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude de la Cordill`ere orientale de la Colombie},

author = {G. Giuliani and S. M. F. Sheppard and A. Cheilletz and C. Rodriguez},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences, s\'{e}rie II},

volume = {314},

pages = {269--274},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pultz_etal1992,

title = {Microtexturas e composi\c{c}~ao qu\'{i}mica dos minerais met\'{a}licos do dep\'{o}sito de ouro Maria L\'{a}zara, Greeenstone Belt Guarinos, Goi\'{a}s},

author = {G. M. Pultz and G. Giuliani and D. Michel and H. Jost},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

journal = {Anais da Academia brasileira de Ciencias},

volume = {64},

pages = {139--182},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1990,

title = {Les gisements dtextquoteright\'{e}meraude de la Cordill`ere orientale de la Colombie : nouvelles donn\'{e}es m\'{e}tallog\'{e}niques},

author = {G. Giuliani and C. T. Rodriguez and F. Rueda},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {25},

pages = {105--111},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1990_2,

title = {Origin of emerald deposits of Brazil},

author = {G. Giuliani and L. J. H. D. Silva and P. Couto},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {25},

pages = {57--64},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1989,

title = {The emplacement, geochemistry and petrogenesis of two central Morocco hercynian granites. Geotectonic implications},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Cheilletz and J. L. Zimmermann},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Journal of African Earth Sciences},

volume = {9},

pages = {617--629},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Couto1988,

title = {O Metassomatismo de infiltracao e sua importancia nos depositos de Esmeralda do Brasil},

author = {G. Giuliani and P. Couto},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Anais do VII Congresso Latino-Americano de Geologia},

volume = {1},

pages = {459--475},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1988,

title = {Fluid inclusion study of Xihuashan tungsen deposit in the southern Jiangxi province, China},

author = {G. Giuliani and Y. D. Li and T. F. Sheng},

doi = {10.1007/BF00204224},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {23},

pages = {24--33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani1987,

title = {La cassi\'{e}rite zon\'{e}e du gisement de Sokhret Allal (granite des Za"er, Maroc Central) : composition chimique et phases fluides associ\'{e}es},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {22},

pages = {253--261},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani_etal1987,

title = {Behaviour of REE during thermal metamorphism and hydrothermal infiltration associated with skarn and vein-type tungsten ore bodies in central Morocco},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Cheilletz and M. Mechiche},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {64},

pages = {279--294},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani1984,

title = {Les concentrations filoniennes `a tungst`ene-\'{e}tain du massif granitique des Za"er (Maroc central) : min\'{e}ralisations et phases fluides associ\'{e}es},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {19},

pages = {193--201},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Cheilletz1983,

title = {P\'{e}trologie structurale et m\'{e}tallog\'{e}nie : ltextquoterightexemple des \'{e}pisy\'{e}nites feldspathiques et des min\'{e}ralisations intragranitiques},

author = {G. Giuliani and A. Cheilletz},

year  = {1983},

date = {1983-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences, s\'{e}rie II},

volume = {296},

pages = {845--848},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cheilletz+Giuliani1982,

title = {R^ole de la d\'{e}formation du granite dans la gen`ese des \'{e}pisy\'{e}nites feldspathiques des Massifs de Lovios-Geres (Galice) et des Zaer (Maroc central). Relations avec les min\'{e}ralisations en Tungst`ene-Etain associ\'{e}es},

author = {A. Cheilletz and G. Giuliani},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {Mineralium Deposita},

volume = {17},

pages = {387--400},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Sonet1982,

title = {Contribution `a ltextquoteright\'{e}tude g\'{e}ochronologique du massif granitique hercynien des Za"er (Massif Central marocain)},

author = {G. Giuliani and J. Sonet},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {Comptes Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences, s\'{e}rie II},

volume = {296},

pages = {845--848},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani1980,

title = {D\'{e}couverte de min\'{e}ralisations en w, Sn, Mo dans le pluton granitique hercynien des Za"er (Massif Central marocain)},

author = {G. Giuliani},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

journal = {Comptes-Rendus de ltextquoterightAcad\'{e}mie des Sciences (Paris)},

volume = {290},

pages = {1397--1399},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giuliani+Schwarz,

title = {Gisements d’\'{e}meraude du Br\'{e}sil},

author = {G. Giuliani and D. Schwarz},

journal = {Emeraudes, tout un monde !},

pages = {47--58},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}